CALLAWAY - SA TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 2.0 SITE CHARACTERISTICS Section Page 2.1 GEOGRAPHY AND DEMOGRAPHY ............................................................. 2.1-1 2.1.1 SITE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION ..................................................... 2.1-1 2.1.1.1 Specification of Location ...................................................................... 2.1-1 2.1.1.2 Site Area Map....................................................................................... 2.1-1 2.1.1.3 Boundaries for Establishing Effluent Release Limits............................ 2.1-9 2.1.2 EXCLUSION AREA AUTHORITY AND CONTROL .................................. 2.1-9 2.1.2.1 Authority ............................................................................................... 2.1-9 2.1.2.2 Control of Activities Unrelated to Plant Operation................................ 2.1-9 2.1.2.3 Arrangements for Traffic Control........................................................ 2.1-10 2.1.2.4 Abandonment or Relocation of Roads ............................................... 2.1-10 2.1.3 POPULATION AND POPULATION DISTRIBUTION .............................. 2.1-10 2.1.3.1 Population Within 10 Miles................................................................. 2.1-11 2.1.3.2 Population Between 10 and 50 Miles................................................. 2.1-12 2.1.3.3 Transient Population .......................................................................... 2.1-13 2.1.3.4 Low Population Zone.......................................................................... 2.1-13 2.1.3.5 Population Center............................................................................... 2.1-14 2.1.3.6 Population Density ............................................................................. 2.1-14 2.1.3.7 Projections of Industrial Growth ......................................................... 2.1-15 2.2 NEARBY INDUSTRIAL, TRANSPORTATION, AND MILITARY FACILITIES..................................................................................................... 2.2-1 2.2.1 LOCATIONS AND ROUTES ..................................................................... 2.2-1 2.2.1.1 Military Facilities................................................................................... 2.2-1 2.2.1.2 Manufacturing Plants, Storage Facilities, and Mining .......................... 2.2-1 2.2.1.3 Airports and Air Routes ........................................................................ 2.2-5 2.2.1.4 Land Transportation Routes................................................................. 2.2-6 2.2.1.5 Water Transportation............................................................................ 2.2-7 2.2.1.6 Pipelines............................................................................................... 2.2-7 2.0-i CALLAWAY - SA TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Section Page 2.2.2 DESCRIPTIONS........................................................................................ 2.2-8 2.2.2.1 Hydrogen System................................................................................. 2.2-8 2.2.3 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL ACCIDENTS ......................................... 2.2-10 2.2.3.1 Design Basis Events .......................................................................... 2.2-10 2.3 METEOROLOGY............................................................................................ 2.3-1 2.3.1 REGIONAL CLIMATOLOGY ..................................................................... 2.3-1 2.3.1.1 General Climate ................................................................................... 2.3-1 2.3.1.2 Regional Meterological Conditions for Design and Operating Bases... 2.3-2 2.3.2 LOCAL METEOROLOGY........................................................................ 2.3-19 2.3.2.1 Normal and Extreme Values of Meteorological.................................. 2.3-20 2.3.2.2 Potential Influence of the Plant and Its Facilities on Local Meteorology........................................................................................ 2.3-28 2.3.3 ON-SITE METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS ............ 2.3-48 2.3.3.1 Preoperational and Operational Monitoring Programs....................... 2.3-48 2.3.3.2 Representativeness of the Data Base................................................ 2.3-58 2.3.4 SHORT-TERM DIFFUSION ESTIMATES............................................... 2.3-59 2.3.4.1 Objective ............................................................................................ 2.3-59 2.3.4.2 Calculations........................................................................................ 2.3-60 2.3.4.3 Data Representativeness................................................................... 2.3-63 2.3.5 LONG-TERM DIFFUSION ESTIMATES ................................................. 2.3-64 2.3.5.1 Objective ............................................................................................ 2.3-64 2.3.5.2 Calculations........................................................................................ 2.3-64 2.4 HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING...................................................................... 2.4-1 2.4.1 HYDROLOGIC DESCRIPTION................................................................. 2.4-1 2.4.1.1 Site and Facilities ................................................................................. 2.4-1 2.0-ii CALLAWAY - SA TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Section Page 2.4.1.2 Hydrosphere......................................................................................... 2.4-2 2.4.2 FLOODS.................................................................................................... 2.4-7 2.4.2.1 Flood History ........................................................................................ 2.4-7 2.4.2.2 Flood Design Considerations ............................................................... 2.4-8 2.4.2.3 Effects of Local Intense Precipitation ................................................... 2.4-9 2.4.3 PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD (PMF) ON STREAMS AND RIVERS... 2.4-14 2.4.3.1 Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) ............................................ 2.4-15 2.4.3.2 Precipitation Losses ........................................................................... 2.4-15 2.4.3.3 Runoff and Stream Course Models.................................................... 2.4-15 2.4.3.4 Probable Maximum Flood Flow.......................................................... 2.4-16 2.4.3.5 Water Level Determinations............................................................... 2.4-16 2.4.3.6 Coincident Wind Wave Activity........................................................... 2.4-20 2.4.4 POTENTIAL DAM FAILURES, SEISMICALLY INDUCED ...................... 2.4-20 2.4.4.1 Reservoir Descriptions ....................................................................... 2.4-20 2.4.4.2 Dam Failure Permutations.................................................................. 2.4-21 2.4.4.3 Unsteady Flow Analysis of Potential Dam Failures............................ 2.4-22 2.4.4.4 Water Level at Plant Site.................................................................... 2.4-23 2.4.5 PROBABLE MAXIMUM SURGE AND SEICHE FLOODING .................. 2.4-23 2.4.6 PROBABLE MAXIMUM TSUNAMI FLOODING...................................... 2.4-23 2.4.7 ICE EFFECTS ......................................................................................... 2.4-24 2.4.7.1 UHS Retention Pond.......................................................................... 2.4-24 2.4.7.2 UHS Pond Structures......................................................................... 2.4-24 2.4.7.3 River Structures.................................................................................. 2.4-25 2.4.8 COOLING WATER CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.................................. 2.4-25 2.4.8.1 Canals ................................................................................................ 2.4-25 2.4.8.2 Reservoirs .......................................................................................... 2.4-25 2.4.9 CHANNEL DIVERSIONS ........................................................................ 2.4-29 2.4.10 FLOODING PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS ....................................... 2.4-30 2.0-iii CALLAWAY - SA TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Section Page 2.4.11 LOW WATER CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................... 2.4-30 2.4.11.1 Low Flow in Streams.......................................................................... 2.4-30 2.4.11.2 Low Water Resulting from Surges, Seiches or Tsunami.................... 2.4-32 2.4.11.3 Historical Low Water .......................................................................... 2.4-32 2.4.11.4 Future Controls................................................................................... 2.4-32 2.4.11.5 Plant Requirements............................................................................ 2.4-35 2.4.11.6 Heat Sink Dependability Requirements.............................................. 2.4-37 2.4.12 DISPERSION, DILUTION, AND TRAVEL TIMES OF ACCIDENTAL RELEASES OF LIQUID EFFLUENTS IN SURFACE WATERS.............. 2.4-39 2.4.12.1 Accident Effects.................................................................................. 2.4-39 2.4.13 GROUND WATER................................................................................... 2.4-42 2.4.13.1 Description and On Site Use.............................................................