Jordanus Ruffus and the late-medieval hippiatric tradition: Animal-care practitioners and the horse Sunny Harrison Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Institute for Medieval Studies September 2018 i Intellectual Property and Publication Statements The candidate confirms that the work submitted is their own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Sunny Harrison to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted by Sunny Harrison in accordance with the Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. ii Acknowledgements First, I must thank my supervisors Iona McCleery and Bill Flynn for their guidance and support throughout the project. From first inception to final submission, Iona and Bill have provided encouragement and wisdom, curbing some of my excesses and nudging me onto more fruitful paths. I must also thank my examiners Jonathan Saha and Peter Murray Jones for a stimulating and positive viva that helped to give me the confidence to address some of the broader questions I would like my research to answer in the future. For this project I received generous support and funding from several bodies, notably the University of Leeds 110th Anniversary PhD Scholarship, the School of History and Institute for Medieval Studies at Leeds who funded a number of conference and research trips, and the Faculty of Arts, Humanities, and Cultures who supported the fledgling Leeds Animal Studies Network in 2016-18. The University of Leeds and many of its constituent organs have given me many opportunities to prove my worth for which I am eternally grateful. I am also indebted to many of the lecturers and researchers at Leeds, notably Emilia Jamroziak who is determined and unflinching in her support of the burgeoning medievalists at the Institute for Medieval Studies. I would also like to highlight Jonathan Saha, Tom Tyler, and Caitlin Stobie for their help in guiding me through the world of Animal Studies. No piece of work is ever created in a vacuum and I am extremely grateful for the intellectual and emotional support I have received from my friends and colleagues in the Institute for Medieval Studies – the notorious ‘Le Patourel Room set’. Trevor Russell Smith, my companion on a welcome third-year road trip across some of the more salubrious parts of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. An enlightening trip that involved a great deal of fried chicken and spirits both bourbon and supernatural. Not to mention the cathartic shooting of several high-caliber firearms – which we selected for their cultural, historical, and aesthetical value – at sections of what would become chapters five and six. James Titterton, for countless interesting examples of military horses from chronicles and being a worthy opponent in an as-yet-unfinished game of Risk Legacy. Joanna Philips who provided a model of a diligent and professional researcher for more junior PhD students to aspire to and was a fine travelling companion in the long drive to Canterbury in July 2017. Francesca Petrizzo, for stimulating lunchtime conversation on topics ranging from Japanese and Korean cinema to Nirvana and the Civil War; as well iii as fascinating insights into the intellectual pursuits of the Risorgimento nobility. Last but assuredly not least: Lallo (Rachael Gillibrand), Adrie (Lucy Guest), Valna (Rose Sawyer), and Helcarna (Vanessa Wright), for reminding me that there is always another way to look at a problem and that sometimes this involves talking to trees. We proved that the organisational skills necessary to slay a dragon are also applicable to running an international conference. There are a great many medievalists from further afield that I could thank, but I would like to single out the following for particular acknowledgement: Carole Rawcliffe, Irina Metzler, Deborah Thorpe, Kathleen Walker-Meikle, Elma Brenner. It often felt like my project constituted the formation of a new field, which is both exhilarating and extremely daunting. Kind words of encouragement, advice, and direction from scholars whom I admire have gone a long way at various challenging points along the road. Throughout this project I’ve been able to rely on the support, advice, and wisdom of my mum Yvonne Harrison, who was always there to remind me that this is a marathon not a sprint, the start of a career not an end unto itself, and to take a break occasionally. My last acknowledgement is for my partner Vicky Baker, without whom none of this would have been possible. You saw me through countless long nights with patience, kindness, and love. You never stopped believing in me especially when my demons were strongest. This is for you. iv Abstract This project looks at the development of horse-care in the late-medieval Latin West through the reception and context of one of its key texts: De medicina equorum by Jordanus Ruffus (d. 1256) a knight-farrier at the scientifically vibrant court of Frederick II (d. 1250) in Sicily. This thesis analyses the development and reception of hippiatric texts in Latin and various vernacular languages in the Latin West, contextualised via a large corpus of material linked to horse health and illness, which includes miracle narratives, guild records, chronicles, and muster rolls. This thesis is situated at the intersection of Animal Studies and the history of health and medicine. It places horse-care into a broader cultural context, arguing that literary, scientific, and theological ideas surrounding horses influenced the construction of horse-medicine. It argues that horse and human medicine were overlapping systems, broadly similar in form, method, and theory and that the only way to understand horse-medicine is within the context of ideas about both human and animal biology and health. Chapters One and Two provide an overview of the historical, literary, and philosophical contexts of the hippiatric tradition, before charting the development and reception of these treatises. Chapter Three looks at the broad range of individuals and groups who provided daily care and interventionary medicine to horses in the Late Middle Ages. Chapter Four discusses the therapies available to medieval horse-carers, comparing the positions of magical and miraculous medicine and describing the dynamics of choice. Chapter Five uses an occupational health paradigm to discuss the construction and maintenance of elite horses by the hippiatric treatises. Finally, Chapter Six looks at ideas of agency, articulacy, and ‘violent care’ to consider the horse as a non-human patient. v List of Illustrations Figure 1: London, British Library, MS. Additional 15097, f. 59 (The Zodiac Horse) Figure 2: Modena, Biblioteca Estense, MS. Ital 464, f. 1 Figure 3: London, British Library, MS. Additional 15097 f.60 Figure 4: New York, Morgan Library, MS. M735, f. 64 Figure 5: Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS. 7228 f. 19 Figure 6: Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS. 7228 f. 19v Figure 7: Oxford, Bodleian Library, Auct. 4Q 5.69, f. 1 Figure 8: Giovanni Antonio di Banco, Tabernacolo dell'Arte dei Maniscalchi, 1417-1421, Orsanmichele, Florence Figure 9: Hans Leu the Elder, Miracle of St. Eligius, 1495, Oil and Tempera on Panel, Augustinerkirche, Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum, Zürich Figure 10: Cesena, Biblioteca Malatestiana, MS. S. XXVI. 2, f. 3 Figure 11: Pisanello (attr.), San Eligio, 15th century, wallpainting, Chiesa di Santa Caterina, Treviso Figure 12: Niccolò di Pietro Gerini, The Devil Tempts Saint Eligius at Work, c. 1390, panel, Avignon, Musée du Petit Palais Figure 13: Sandro Botticelli, Miracle of St. Eligius, 1490-92, Tempera on Panel, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence Figure 14: London, British Library, MS. Additional 15097, f. 14 vi Abbreviations ACVA Reliqua librorum Friderici II. Imperatoris de Arte venandi cum Avibus cum Manfredi regis Additionibus (Leipzig: I. G. Mulleri, 1788) Albertus Magnus Hermann Stadtler, Albertus Magnus De Animalibus Libri (Münster: der XXVI Nach der Cölner Urschrift Aschendorffschen Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1920) Avicenna, De Animalibus Avicenna, De animalibus (Forli: Joannes and Gregorius de Gregoriis, 1500) Bartholomew The Book of the Foundation of St. Bartholomew’s Church in London: The Church Belonging to the Priory of the Same in West Smithfield, ed. by Norman Moore (London: Oxford University Press, 1923) Birgitta of Sweden Revelationes Caelestes Seraphicae Matris S. Birgittae Suecae, Sponsae Christi Praeelectae, Ordinis Sponsi Sui SS. Salvatoris Fundatricis, ed. by Simon Hörmann, et al (Münich: Wagner and von Gelder, 1680) Boke of Marchalsi Bengt Odenstedt, The Boke of Marchalsi: A 15th Century Treatise on Horse-Breeding and Veterinary Medicine: Edited from MS. Harley 6398 (Stockholm: Stockholm University, 1973) Cirurgie des Chevaux Brigitte Prévot and Bernard Ribémont, Le cheval en France au Moyen Age: sa place dans le monde médiéval; sa médecine, l’exemple d’un traité vétérinaire du XIVe siècle, la Cirurgie des chevaux (Caen: Paradigme, 1994) Henry VI Ronald Arbuthnott Knox and Shane Leslie, The Miracles of King Henry VI, Being an Account and Translation of Twenty- vii Three Miracles Taken from the Manuscript in the British Museum (Royal 13 c. Viii) (Cambridge: University Press, 1923) James Salomoni Acta Sanctorum, May VII (Paris: Victor Palmé, 1866) Jordanus Ruffus Jordanus Ruffus, Jordani Ruffi Calabriensis Hippiatrica, ed. by Hieronymus Molin (Padua: Seminarii Patavini, 1818) Laurentius Rusius Laurentius Rusius, La mascalcia di Lorenzo Rusio volgarizzamento del secolo XIV, ed. by Pietro Delprato and Luigi Barbieri (Bologna: Presso G. Romagnoli, 1867) Liber Ipocratis Ypocras Indicus, Trattati di mascalcia attribuiti ad Ippocrate, tradotti dall’arabo in latino da Maestro Moisè da Palermo, volgarizzati nel secolo XIII. Messi in luce per cura di Pietro Delprato. Corredati di due posteriori compilazioni in latino e in toscano e di note filologiche per cura di Luigi Barbieri., ed.