Definitions Chapter 1 Psychological Disorder (aka Abnormal behavior) Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context The Science of Psychopathology The Science of Psychopathology Mental health Clinical Description professionals Scientist–Practitioner Causation, Treatment, and Outcomes The Past: Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Psychology The Supernatural Tradition The Supernatural Tradition The Moon and the Stars Treatments for Possession • Paracelsus Mass Hysteria • Astrology •Saint Vitus’s Dance, tarantism 1 The Biological Tradition The Nineteenth Century Hippocrates • Syphilis – General Paresis (1825) – Pasteur’s germ theory of disease (1870) Galen •Humoral theory of disorders – Cure for General Paresis –Blood •John Grey –Black bile –Phlegm –Choler – Yellow bile The Twentieth Century: Consequences of The Biological The development of Biological Treatments Tradition • 1930’s electric shock & brain surgery • Focus on hospitalization • Manfred Sakel, 1927 • 1920’s Joseph von Meduna • Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) • 1950’s 1st effective drugs for severe psychotic disorders – reserpine, neuroleptics, benzodiazepines The Psychological Tradition •Moral Therapy Psychoanalytic Theory –Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) –Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) • Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) Asylum Reform and the Decline • Jean Charcot (1825-1893) of Moral Therapy – Salpetriere Hospital • Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) • Josef Breuer (1842-1925) with Freud – the unconscious mind 2 Psychoanalytic Theory • Structure of the mind – Id • Catharsis • libido • thanatos • pleasure principle • Insight • primary process – Ego • Anna O. • reality principle • secondary process – Superego (conscience) • Intrapsychic conflicts • Defense mechanisms • Psychosexual stages of development – denial – Oral stage – displacement – Anal stage – projection – Phallic stage – rationalization • Oedipus complex – reaction formation • Electra complex – repression – Latency stage – sublimation – Genital stage • Neuroses Later developments • Carl Jung (1875-1961) – Collective unconscious • Ego psychology – Introversion & extroversion – Anna Freud (1895-1982) • Alfred Adler (1870-1937) • Object relations – Melanie Klein – Inferiority complex – Otto Kernberg 3 • Other psychoanalysts Psychodynamic Psychotherapy – Karen Horney (1885-1952) – Erich Fromm (1900-1980) – Erik Erikson (1902-1994) Humanistic Theory Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy •Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) •Free association •Dream analysis •Carl Rogers (1902-1987) •Psychoanalyst •Transference The Behavioral Model • John Watson (1878-1958) & the Rise of Behaviorism • Pavlov and Classical Conditioning – Albert – Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) • Rosalie Rayner – Unconditioned response (UCR) – Conditioned stimulus (CS) – Mary Cover Jones & Peter – Conditioned response (CR) – Extinction The Present: • The Beginnings of Behavior Therapy The Scientific Method and – Joseph Wolpe (1915-1997) an Integrative Approach •B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) and Operant Conditioning •Influenced by Watson & by Thorndike –Law of effect •Operant Conditioning –Reinforcement –Shaping 4.