The application of summertime in Europe A report to the European Commission Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport (DG MOVE) 19 September 2014 Disclaimer ICF International presents a study on “The application of summertime in Europe”. This study was prepared by ICF International for the European Commission of the European Union ("the Commission"), Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport. The Commission holds the copyright of this report. Information published in this report can be reproduced only if reference is made to this report. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not represent any official view of the Commission. ICF International does not accept or assume any liability or duty of care for any other purpose or to any other party. ICF International shall not be liable in respect of any loss, damage or expense of whatsoever nature which may be caused by any use of this report. Summertime application in Europe The application of summertime in Europe A report to the European Commission Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport (DG MOVE) A report submitted by ICF Date: 19 September 2014 Job Number 30260247 ICF 6th Floor, Watling House 33 Cannon Street London EC4M 5SB T +44 (0)20 7611 1100 F +44 (0)20 3368 6960 www.icfi.com Final report i Summertime application in Europe Document Control Document Title The application of summertime in Europe Job number 30260247 Prepared by James Kearney, Stefania Chirico, Andrew Jarvis Checked by Andrew Jarvis Date 19 September 2014 Final report ii Summertime application in Europe Contents Executive summary ........................................................................................................... iv 1 Introduction .........................................................................................................1 1.1 Summertime, which began as a means of cutting energy use in time of war, became standard across Europe by the 1980s ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 The debate about summertime arrangements continues in some parts of Europe ................. 5 1.3 A majority of Member State governments do not see a case for changing summertime arrangements ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 The application of summertime is overlaid on the time zone policies of Member States ........ 6 1.5 The study conclusions are informed by desk research and stakeholder consultation ............ 7 1.6 Structure of the report .............................................................................................................. 8 2 The impact of summertime on business and the economy ....................................9 2.1 Agriculture ................................................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Transport ................................................................................................................................ 10 2.3 Energy .................................................................................................................................... 15 2.4 Tourism and Leisure .............................................................................................................. 18 2.5 Business sector ...................................................................................................................... 19 2.6 Other sectors .......................................................................................................................... 21 2.7 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 22 3 Citizen perspectives on the application of summertime....................................... 23 3.1 Public satisfaction .................................................................................................................. 23 3.2 Road safety ............................................................................................................................ 23 3.3 Health ..................................................................................................................................... 24 3.4 Crime ...................................................................................................................................... 25 3.5 Environment ........................................................................................................................... 26 3.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 27 4 Appraisal of summertime arrangements in the European Union .......................... 28 4.1 Member State governments views on strategies that might be adopted in the absence of Directive 2000/84/EC ............................................................................................................. 28 4.2 The scenarios ......................................................................................................................... 29 4.3 Scenario 1: A highly connected country moves out of sync for a short period each year ..... 30 4.4 Scenario 2: A less well connected country moves out of sync for a short period each year . 33 4.5 Scenario 3: A well connected country moves out of sync for an extended period each year ........................................................................................................................................ 35 4.6 Scenario 4: A less well connected country moves out of sync for an extended period of time ......................................................................................................................................... 38 4.7 Scenario 5: Two Member States move out of sync with the rest of Europe for a short period of time ......................................................................................................................... 40 4.8 Scenario 6: Three Member States move out of sync with the rest of Europe for a short period of time ......................................................................................................................... 42 4.9 Quantification of impacts and comparison between scenarios .............................................. 44 5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 48 Annex 1 References .............................................................................................. 51 Annex 2 Literature review methodology ............................................................... 55 Annex 3 Consultations .......................................................................................... 59 Annex 4 Sector data ............................................................................................. 61 Annex 5 Data for scenario analysis ........................................................................ 65 Final report iii Summertime application in Europe Executive summary At present summertime is applied on a harmonised basis across the European Union (EU). The objective of this study is to examine the implications, for the internal market, business and citizens of the application of summertime no longer being synchronised. Summertime arrangements have been widespread in Europe since the 1970s. They were introduced for the purposes of energy savings and increased time for leisure activities (through having longer daylight hours in the evenings), and then spread as countries coordinated their approach with that of their neighbours. At the end of the 1970s, all nine members of the European Economic Community had implemented summer time arrangements via their own national laws. However, a lack of alignment of these arrangements created problems for consumers and businesses. European policy measures began to be introduced, leading to the present day situation, where Directive 2000/84/EC requires Member States to put their clocks forward one hour on the last Sunday of March and change them back on the last Sunday of October each year. Similar summertime arrangements are observed by Turkey, Norway and Switzerland, all of which have aligned themselves to the EU’s summertime schedule. Summertime (also known as daylight saving time, DST) arrangements are also in place in the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, and most territories in Australia. Countries which do not have summertime arrangements in place include Russia, China, Japan, India and Iceland. The effects of summertime arrangements can be split into two main categories: domestic (restricted to the country in question and trans-boundary (relating to the synchronisation of arrangements between countries). In general, the majority of responses to the stakeholder consultations conducted for this study, the Member State government responses to the survey, and the findings in the literature, related to the domestic impacts of summertime arrangements rather than the effects of asynchronous summertime arrangements within Europe. At a domestic level there is evidence of an association between summertime arrangements and activity in the tourism and leisure industry and also on crime reduction. There is stronger, albeit still mixed, evidence, of the effect of summertime arrangements on energy consumption. Some studies suggest