WorldWWorldWorldorld ConflictCConflictConflictonflict andaandandnd HumanHHumanHumanuman RightsRRightsRightsights MapMMapMapap 2001/200222001/20022001/2002001/2002 bybbybyy PIOOMPPIOOMPIOOMIOOM Explanation of Symbols and Definitions PK Active Political and Peace Building Missions UN Active United Nations Europe, Former Soviet Union, North America Europe, Former Soviet Union, North America North Africa, Middle East & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Central and South America Peacekeeping Operations 1. North Korea/South Korea (NNSC) since 1953 27. Albania (OSCE Mission) since 1997 1. Egypt/Israel (UNTSO) since 1948 Map Features 2. Egypt (Sinai) (MFO) since 1982 28. Albania (WEU: MAPE) since 1997 High Human Development Medium Human Development High Human Development Medium Human Development High Human Development 3. Albania (EU: EUMM) since 1991 29. Comoros (OAU: OMIC) since 1997 2. India/Pakistan (UNMOGIP) since 1949 Conflict Level, according to PIOOM 0.939 Norway 9 0.791 Latvia 19 ABc 0.765 Mauritius 0.864 Barbados 4. Macedonia (OSCE Mission) since 1992 30. Great Lakes Region (UN: OSRSG) since 1997 3. Cyprus (UNFICYP) since 1964 0.893 Israel 1. High-intensity conflict (conflict level 5 on the PIOOM scale: large-scale armed 4. Syria (Golan Heights) (UNDOF) since 1974 conflict that caused more than 1,000 deaths in period mid 2000 - mid 2001) 5. Georgia (OSCE Mission) since 1992 31. Israel/Palestine (Hebron) (TIPH2) since 1997 0.936 Canada 10 0.782 Belarus ab ? Palest. Auth. 0.708 Cape Verde 0.842 Argentina 37 ac 6. Georgia (South Ossetia) (CIS: SOJF) since 1992 32. Kosovo (OSCE Mission) since 1997 5. Lebanon (UNIFIL) since 1978 44 6. Iraq/Kuwait (UNIKOM) since 1991 0.936 Sweden 3 0.775 Russia ABC 0.824 Bahrein 0.702 South Africa 27 abc 0.828 Uruguay Low-intensity conflict (conflict level 4 on the PIOOM scale: armed conflict that 7. Moldova (Transdnistr) CIS: JCMPK) since 1992 33. Liberia (UN: UNOL) since 1997 7. Morocco (W. Sahara) (MINURSO) since 1991 caused 100 to 1,000 deaths in period mid 2000 - mid 2001) 8. Afghanistan (UN: UNSMA) since 1993 34. Papua New Guinea (Bougainville) (UN: UNPOB) since 1998 0.935 Belgium ? Chechnya 0.818 Kuwait 0.617 Gabon 0.825 Chile 26 c 9. Burundi (UN: UNOB) since 1993 35. Papua New Guinea (Bougainville) (BPMG) since 1998 8. Georgia (UNOMIG) since 1993 0.934 United States 12 ABC 0.772 Bulgaria c 0.809 UA Emirates 0.610 Equat. Guinea 0.821 Costa Rica 10. Burundi (OAU: OMIB) since 1993 36. Sierra Leone (CPDTF) since 1998 9. Bosnia/Herzegovina (UNMIBH) since 1995 Violent political conflict (conflict level 3 on the PIOOM scale: armed conflict that 10. Croatia (Prevlaka) (UNMOP) since 1996 caused less than 100 deaths in period mid 2000 - mid 2001) 11. Estonia (OSCE Mission) since 1993 37. Angola (UN: UNOA) since 1999 0.932 Iceland 0.772 Romania c 0.801 Qatar 0.601 Namibia 0.820 Bahamas 12. Haiti (UN: MICIVIH) since 1993 38. Congo, Democratic Rep. (OAU: JMC) since 1999 11. Kosovo (UNMIK) since 1999 0.931 Netherlands 2 0.766 Macedonia 0.583 Swaziland 13. Latvia (OSCE Mission) since 1993 39. Croatia (WEU: WEUDAM) since 1999 12. Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) since 1999 13. East Timor (UNTAET) since 1999 14. Moldova (OSCE Mission) since 1993 40. East Timor (INTERFET) since 1999 0.925 Finland 5 0.745 Armenia Medium Human Development 0.577 Botswana Medium Human Development 15. Tajikistan (CIS: CPF) since 1993 41. Guinea Bissau (UN: UNOGBIS) since 1999 14. Congo, Democratic Republic (MONUC) since 1999 0.924 France 16 Ac 0.742 Georgia 0.770 Libya bc 0.554 Zimbabwe 0.798 Trinidad and Tob. Political Terror Scale 16. Georgia (Abkhazia) (CIS: PFG) since 1994 42. Kosovo (NATO: KFOR) since 1999 15. Ethiopia/Eritrea (UNMEE) since 2000 (2000 situation, according to US State Department) 17. Guatemala (UN: MINUGUA) since 1994 43. Middle East (UN: UNSCO) since 1999 0.924 Luxembourg 0.742 Kazakhstan a 0.758 Lebanon 0.542 Ghana 0.790 Mexico 39 2. Scale Level 1: Countries live under a secure rule of law, people are not imprisoned for their views, and torture is rare or exceptional. Political murders 18. Tajikistan (OSCE Mission) since 1994 44. Central African Rep. (UN: BONUCA) since 2000 Source: For more information on strength, costs and fatalities, see: 0.924 Switzerland 4 0.742 Ukraine 32 a 0.754 Saudi Arabia c 0.541 Lesotho 0.784 Panama are extremely rare. 19. Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh) (PRC OSCE) since 1995 45. Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone (ECOWAS: ECOMOG) since 2000 United Nations (http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/cu_mission/body.htm) 20. Bosnia/Herzegovina (OSCE Mission) since 1995 46. Haiti (UN: MICAH) since 2000 0.923 United Kingdom 8 Ac 0.738 Azerbaijan 0.747 Oman 0.514 Kenya 46 0.776 Belize Scale Level 2: There is a limited amount of imprisonment for nonviolent 21. Chechnya (OSCE Mission) since 1995 47. Solomon islands (IPMT) since 2000 political activity. However, few persons are affected, torture and beatings are 0.921 Austria 7 0.735 Turkey 36 0.739 Maldives 0.510 Comoros 0.765 Colombia 45 exceptional. Political murder is rare. 22. Somalia (UN: UNPOS) since 1995 48. Tajikistan (UN: UNTOP) since 2000 23. Bosnia/Herzegovia (NATO: SFOR) since 1996 49. Macedonia (NATO: Operation Essential Harvest) since 2001 0.921 Denmark 11 0.730 Turkmenistan 0.735 Sri Lanka 0.506 Cameroon 0.765 Venezuela 35 Scale Level 3: There is extensive political imprisonment, or a recent history of 24. Burundi (UN: UNAFPP) since 1996 50. Macedonia (NATO: Operation Fox) since 2001 such imprisonment. Executions or political murders and brutality may be 0.921 Germany 14 0.725 Albania 0.714 Iran abc 0.502 Congo-Brazz. 0.758 Surinam common. Unlimited detention, with or without trial, for political views is 25. Croatia (OSCE Mission) since 1996 Source: SIPRI Yearbook 2001: Armaments, Disarmament and International accepted. 43 26. Iraq (Operation Northern & Southern Watch since 1996 Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 128-148. 0.916 Ireland 6 0.707 Kyrgyzstan 0.714 Jordan 0.750 Brazil a Scale Level 4: The practices of level 3 are expanded to larger numbers. Murders, 42 disappearances, and torture are a common part of life. In spite of its generality, on 0.909 Italy 13 0.699 Moldova 0.714 Tunesia 28 Low Human Development 0.743 Peru c this level violence affects primarily those who interest themselves in politics or ideas. 0.899 Spain 0.698 Uzbekistan 0.700 Syria bc 0.489 Togo 0.738 Jamaica Scale Level 5: The violence of level 4 has been extended to the whole population. The leaders of these societies place no limits on the means or 0.881 Greece 24 0.660 Tajikistan 0.693 Algeria a 0.462 Madagascar 0.738 Paraguay thoroughness with which they pursue personal or ideological goals. 0.877 Cyprus 0.635 Egypt 34 c 0.455 Nigeria 40 0.726 Ecuador 0.874 Portugal 15 Incomplete data 0.596 Morocco 41 0.447 Djibouti 0.722 Dominican Rep. 0.874 Slovenia ? Bosnia-Herz. 0.571 India 48 0.439 Sudan c 0.704 Guyana 3. Armistice or Peace Accord, according to PIOOM Ac Sweden 18 Armistice or peace accord concluded (not necessarily observed) 0.866 Malta ? Form.Yugoslavia 0.437 Mauritania 0.701 El Salvador Canada Finland 0.844 Czech Republic 22 ? Kosovo Low Human Development 0.436 Tanzania 0.648 Bolivia Norway 4. United Nations and other Multilateral Observer or Peacekeeping Operations 0.831 Slovakia c ? Liechtenstein 0.498 Pakistan Abc 0.435 Uganda 0.635 Nicaragua United Nations Operation 11 PK N. Ireland 40 (PK = Peacekeeping Mission, OB = Observer Mission) Estonia OB 0.829 Hungary 17 0.480 Nepal 0.429 Congo (Zaire) 0.634 Honduras 44 44 OB 25 Denmark 0.828 Poland c 0.477 Bhutan 0.427 Zambia 0.626 Guatemala PK Other Multilateral / Regional Operation U.K. Latvia 13 Russian Federation (PK = Peacekeeping Mission, OB = Observer Mission) Lithuania 33 0.812 Estonia 0.470 Bangladesh 0.426 Ivory Coast Belarus Netherlands Poland 0.803 Croatia c 0.468 Yemen 0.423 Senegal Low Human Development Germany 5. Reported Presence or Alleged Development of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Belgium 45 0.803 Lithuania 0.422 Angola 0.476 Haiti Ukraine c - States having a confirmed nuclear warfare capability 10 A United States 7 - States that are on the threshold of a nuclear warfare capability (incl. states OB OB 14 16 Incomplete Data 0.420 Benin a Croatia OB that removed their nuclear weapons or canceled their development programs) France 20 32OB25 Moldova 43 6 PK 5 Kazakhstan 39 Romania PK ? Afghanistan c 0.416 Eritrea Incomplete Data - States having a confirmed or a potential bacteriological warfare capability 8 OB Mongolia B Italy 34/35 OB - States developing or potentially developing bacteriological warfare agents 48 b 49 4 148 ? Iraq aBC 0.398 Gambia ? Antigua 7/9/10 OB 50 38 41 1 C - States having a confirmed chemical warfare capability 49 Serbia PK Bulgaria 37 Bosnia-Herz. 11 Macedonia Georgia 160 c - States denying accusations of possessing or developing chemical weapons Portugal PK 21 Chechnya Uzbekistan 0.397 Guinea ? Cayman Islands Corsica 23PK 32 42 42/46/47 Azerbaijan 64 Spain OB19 68 OB 9 32 OB 39 OB Kyrgyzstan 0.397 Malawi ? Cuba bc 28 27 28 Turkey Tajikistan N. Korea 6. Infestation with Land Mines Albania 3 8 Turkmenistan 113 6 0.395 Rwanda ? Dominica Countries with substantial marked and/or unmarked areas containing land mines Greece 38 50 OB 1 170 PK 48 67 15 OB OB Cyprus PK 42 18 0.378 Mali ? Grenada Syria 8 Japan 36 Lebanon 26 2 OB 63 S.