View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by IDS OpenDocs H i C N Households in Conflict Network The Institute of Development Studies - at the University of Sussex - Falmer - Brighton - BN1 9RE www.hicn.org Quantifying the Impact of Women’s Participation in Post-Conflict Economic Recovery Patricia Justino, Ivan Cardona, Rebecca Mitchell and Catherine Müller HiCN Working Paper 131 November 2012 1 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 6 1. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................ 9 1.1. Aims and Rationale ........................................................................................................................... 9 1.2. Definitions and Concepts .............................................................................................................. 11 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 13 2.1. Changes in gender roles during and after conflict ...................................................................... 13 2.1.1. Impact of conflict on family roles ...................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.2. Impact of conflict on women’s economic roles ..................................................................................................... 14 2.1.3. Impact of conflict on women’s social and political roles ...................................................................................... 17 2.2. The impact of women‘s new roles on peacebuilding and economic recovery ....................... 19 2.2.1. Women’s empowerment ................................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2. Household welfare ........................................................................................................................................... 20 2.2.3. Community economic recovery and sustainable peace ......................................................................................... 22 2.3. Summary and way forward ............................................................................................................ 24 3. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 25 3.1. Micro-level analysis of six case studies ......................................................................................... 25 3.1.1. Datasets ......................................................................................................................................................... 25 3.1.2. Empirical hypotheses ....................................................................................................................................... 27 3.1.3. Case Study 1: Bosnia and Herzegovina .......................................................................................................... 29 3.1.4. Case Study 2: Colombia ................................................................................................................................. 34 3.1.5. Case Study 3: Kosovo ..................................................................................................................................... 41 3.1.6. Case Study 4: Nepal ...................................................................................................................................... 47 3.1.7. Case Study 5: Tajikistan ................................................................................................................................ 55 3.1.8. Case Study 6: Timor Leste ............................................................................................................................. 65 3.2. Cross-country time series analysis ................................................................................................ 78 3.2.1. Datasets ......................................................................................................................................................... 78 3.2.2. Results ............................................................................................................................................................ 79 3.3. Summary of findings ....................................................................................................................... 82 4. REVIEW OF POLICY INTERVENTION IMPACT .................................................... 85 4.1. Impact of women‘s participation in economic recovery programmes .................................... 85 4.1.1. Employment programmes ................................................................................................................................ 86 4.1.2. Microfinance ................................................................................................................................................... 87 4.1.3. Community-driven development programmes .................................................................................................... 88 4.2. Impact of women‘s participation in peacebuilding programmes ............................................. 89 4.2.1. Women’s participation in peace processes ......................................................................................................... 89 4.2.2. Demobilisation, disarmament and reintegration programmes ............................................................................ 89 4.3. Summary of evidence...................................................................................................................... 91 5. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH .................... 92 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 95 APPENDIX 1: LIST OF VARIABLES AND INDICATORS .............................................. 106 APPENDIX 2: LIST OF INTERVIEWS ............................................................................. 108 APPENDIX 3: MAP OF EXISTING PROGRAMMES/INTERVENTIONS ................... 109 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACLED Armed Conflict Location and Events Database ACORD Association for Cooperative Operations Research and Development BICC Bonn International Center for Conversion CAVR Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor CDC Community Development Corporation CDD Community Driven Development CEBR Centre for Economics and Business Research CEWARN Conflict Early Warning and Response Mechanism CERAC Centro de Recursos para el Analisis de Conflictos (Conflict Analysis Resource Center) (Colombia) CODHS Colombia Demographic and Health Survey CSO Civil Society Organisation DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration DFID UK Department for International Development DHS Demographic and Health Surveys DRC Democratic Republic of Congo FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FMLN Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (El Salvador) ICC International Criminal Court IDP Internally Displaced Person IISS International Institute for Strategic Studies ILO International Labour Organisation INGO International Non-Governmental Organisation KDP Kecamatan Development Project (Indonesia) KLSS Kosovo Living Standards Measurement Survey 3 LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Sri Lanka) LRA Lord‘s Resistance Army LSMS Living Standards Measurement Surveys MFI Microcredit Financial Institutions NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NDHS Nepal Demographic and Health Survey NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NSP National Solidarity Program (Afghanistan) PRIO Peace Research Institute Oslo TLSS Tajik Living Standards Measurement Survey UCDP Uppsala Conflict Data Program UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDP-HDR United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women (now merged into UN Women) UNMIL United Nations Mission in Liberia UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution UNSTATS United Nations Statistics Division USAID United States Agency for International Development WDI World Development Indicators WHO World Health Organisation 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report presents the results of a study commissioned by UN Women to the Institute of Development Studies on the integration of women in post-conflict economic recovery processes. The report was written between September 2011 and May 2012. The study was directed by Dr. Patricia Justino, Head of the Conflict, Violence and Development cluster at the Institute of Development Studies. The research team at the Institute of Development Studies includes Ivan Cardona, Rebecca Mitchell and Catherine Müller. The report benefited from numerous discussions with Anne Marie Goetz, Hanny Cueva Beteta and Rachel Dore Weeks at the UN Women‘s Peace and Security cluster. Preliminary results of the report were presented by Patricia Justino at the first joint meeting between UN Women and the UN Peacebuilding Commission in New York on November 18th 2011. The report incorporates very useful comments from the participants, the two co-panellists, Under-Secretary General Michelle Bachelet, the executive director of UN Women, and Assistant-Secretary General Judy Cheng-Hopkins