W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1993 A different drum: The forgotten tradition of the military academy in American education Kurt Allen Sanftleben College of William & Mary - School of Education Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Higher Education Commons, Other Education Commons, and the Secondary Education Commons Recommended Citation Sanftleben, Kurt Allen, "A different drum: The forgotten tradition of the military academy in American education" (1993). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539618302. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25774/w4-8h3r-mn48 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. 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Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. Order Number 9317243 A different drum: The forgotten tradition of the military academy in American education Sanftleben, Kurt Allen, Ed.D. The College of William and Mary, 1993 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. A DIFFERENT DRUM: THE FORGOTTEN TRADITION OF THE MILITARY ACADEMY IN AMERICAN EDUCATION A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Education The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education by Kurt Allen Sanftleben February 1993 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A DIFFERENT DRUM: THE FORGOTTEN TRADITION OF THE MILITARY ACADEMY IN AMERICAN EDUCATION by Kurt Allen Sanftleben Approved February 1993 John R. Thelin, Ph.D. Chairman of Dissertation Committee T~1<JjuU/-44asi. £ William E. Garland, Jr., D.A. Jamesr M.c Yankov^Lch, Ed.D. 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Approval Sheet .............................................. ii Acknowledgments ............................................ v List of Tables...............................................vii List of Illustrations ...................................... viii A b s t r a c t ..................................................... ix Chapters 1. The Problem Introduction ....................................... 2 Review of Literature The Junior College Movement ...................... 5 The American Academy............................... 14 The Military Academy ............................ 24 The Articulated Military Academy and Junior College . 32 Research Questions ................................. 37 Method and Procedures .............................. 41 2. A Historical Perspective The Roots of the S c h o o l ............................. 43 The Early Y e a r s .................................... 50 The Johnston Era ...................................70 The Zenith and the Nadir ............................. 94 R e n e w a l ........................................... 118 3. Kemper Today First Impressions .................................. 130 The C a m p u s ......................................... 133 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Students....................................... 141 The Faculty and S t a f f .............................. 145 The Frustrations................................... 149 The F u t u r e ......................................... 152 4. Analysis, Conclusion, and Recommendations Analysis and Conclusion .......................... 157 Recommendations ................................. 161 5. References Appendices A - Observation Guide ........................... 163 B - Interview Agenda ........................... 170 C - Student Demographic Characteristics Enrollment Pattern .......................... 176 The Cadet C o r p s .............................. 177 Student Ethnic Backgrounds .................. 178 Primary, Secondary, College Student Mix .... 179 Entering College Freshmen .................. 180 Resident and Day College Student Mi x ............ 181 High School - College Articulation ........... 182 Bibliography ..................................... 183 V i t a .............................................. 197 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I remember that when I was a young boy, my father's family would gather in reunion— usually around Valentine's Day— at the home of my Great Aunt Lulu. There, Uncle Harry would fascinate me with tales of his days as a young cadet at Western Military Academy, not too far from St. Louis. I also remember how, several years later, I was duly impressed while visiting a new friend, after discovering a military school year book— from, I believe, Indiana's Culver Military Academy— in which he appeared in a smart uniform with a Sam Browne belt while participating in such amazing activities as the manual of arms, sabre practice, or cavalry drill. And more recently, I remember how— as a new executive officer— my battalion logistics officer could so easily disrupt a staff meeting by regaling us with hilarious stories of his junior college experience at the Marion Military Institute in Alabama. To all of these ex-cadets, I thank you for spawning my interest in the American military school. There are others I wish to thank as well. Thank you, Dr. Lee Harford, historian for the U.S. Army's ROTC Cadet Command, for your convincing argument that scholarly research about the few remaining articulated military schools and junior colleges was long overdue. Thank you, Dr. A1 Dahler, Dean of Academics at Kemper Military School and College for your openness, honesty, and hospitality that made my field work a pleasure. Thank you, Dr. Jim Yankovich and Dr. Bill Garland, members of my dissertation committee, for your patient and constructive criticism. And, thank you Dr. John Thelin, my doctoral advisor and dissertation chairman. Your sage advice and wise counsel v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. have been truly invaluable. To my bosses, especially Rear Admiral Dick Nelson, thank you. Your tolerance of my academic activities is appreciated. But most of all, to my family, thank you for putting up with not only months of evening classes and countless library weekends, but with the extended absences needed to conduct my field work. It is only because of the encouragement, understanding, and support you have all provided that I have been able to complete this dissertation and conclude my doctoral studies. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Cable Title 1 Comparison of Public and Private Junior Colleges: 1900-1940 . 6 2 Academy Growth by Region: 1840-1869 17 3 Comparison of Military Junior Colleges: 1940 ................ 32 4 Boonville College Transferable Scholarships ................ 58 5 Curricular Comparison: 1900 80 6 Kemper Enrollments: 1915-1919 92 7 Junior College Major Requirements: 1925 96 8 Kemper Student Diversity: 1992 ........................... 144 9 Enrollment Pattern: 1855-1990 176 10 The Cadet C o r p s .......................................... 177 11 Student Ethnic Backgrounds: 1970-1990