ABSTRACT Title of Document: INSIDERS AND OUTSIDERS: GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, PARTY POLITICS, AND DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA Helma Gerritje Engelien de Vries, Ph.D. 2007 Directed By: Professor Mark Irving Lichbach, Department of Government and Politics This dissertation explores several dynamics in insider and outsider activism in the anti-war movement: insider-outsider cooperation and conflict in protest coalitions; transnational protest events’ success in uniting insiders and outsiders; and coupling of insider and outsider tactics such as protesting and voting. Insider-outsider cooperation in protest coalitions helps to facilitate successful protest events involving rainbow coalitions of insiders and outsiders. Such events catalyze future insider- outsider cooperation, illustrate which parties are movement allies, educate parties about protesters’ concerns, educate protesters about coupling insider and outsider tactics, and may help remobilize activists as voters in subsequent elections. Key rival arguments that are investigated are whether grievances opposing U.S. unilateralism in Iraq, on which there was a strong issue consensus, are as important as Tarrow’s politically opportune domestic targets, such as a government joining the “Coalition of the Willing,” in accounting for dynamics in insider and outsider activism. Cross-national surveys of protesters are paired with content analysis of news coverage of transnational anti-war protest events and with elite interviews of activists. While domestic targets appear to exert some centripetal forces facilitating cooperation between insiders and outsiders, issue consensus or issue discord on grievances can create either centripetal forces that unite or centrifugal forces that unleash conflict. Grievances have the power to unite or to divide us, and whether they do depends on the issue consensus in the movement and the public about them. Grievances with issue consensus unite us, exerting centripetal forces on insider and outsider activism, whereas grievances with issue discord divide us, wielding centrifugal forces on insiders and outsiders. Opposing U.S. unilateralism in Iraq without the United Nations, on which there is issue consensus, brings together insiders and outsiders in protest coalitions, at protest events, and in protesters’ tactical choices, and thus has the potential to remobilize protesters as voters. Conversely, linking opposition to war in Iraq with other grievances on which there is discord, such as opposition to war in all cases, opposition to globalization, and support of Palestine, divides insiders and outsiders in protest coalitions and at protest events and may lead protesters to expand their globalized protest involvement. INSIDERS AND OUTSIDERS: GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, PARTY POLITICS, AND DEMOCRACY INEUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA By Helma Gerritje Engelien de Vries Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2007 Advisory Committee: Professor Mark Irving Lichbach, Chair Professor Ken Conca Associate Professor Miranda Schreurs Professor Eric M. Uslaner Professor Christopher H. Foreman, Jr., Dean’s Representative © Copyright by Helma Gerritje Engelien de Vries 2007 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my family, friends, colleagues, and students for their encouragement. I particularly want to express my gratitude to Dr. Mark Lichbach for his excellent mentorship and collaboration throughout my academic career at the University of Maryland and the opportunities that he has afforded me, especially in conducting surveys of protesters cross-nationally. All my other committee members, Dr. Ken Conca, Dr. Miranda Schreurs, Dr. Eric Uslaner, and Dr. Christopher Foreman, have been extremely supportive. The Harrison Fellowship I was awarded from 2005 to 2006 by the Harrison Program on the Future Global Agenda facilitated the qualitative archival research as well as the field research and elite interviews that I conducted in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. I especially want to thank activist Soren Ambrose for several hours of conversation that provided me much inspiration early in this endeavor, and Richard Beardsworth for introducing me to David Lake’s work addressing the rising opposition to U.S. unilateralism and to its disregard for the legitimating authority of the United Nations, in industrialized democracies that used to be U.S. allies. Finally, I am very grateful to all the activists who took the time to be interviewed and provided much inspiration; the protesters who were willing to serve as survey respondents; and the colleagues and students who assisted with data collection and who were willing to be a springboard for ideas. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .............................................................................................................. v Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 Insiders versus Outsiders ........................................................................................... 2 Insider-Outsider Cooperation in Protest Coalitions (Meso-level) ............................. 5 Successful Transnational Protest Joining Insiders and Outsiders (Macro-level) ...... 7 Coupling of Outsider and Insider Activism (Micro-level) ........................................ 8 Overview of the Dissertation .................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework ......................................................................... 15 Domestic and International Targets ........................................................................ 15 Limitations of Targets and Bringing Grievances Back In....................................... 25 Movement-Related Grievances and Issue Consensus or Discord ........................... 34 Chapter 3: Methodological Overview ..................................................................... 48 Insider-Outsider Cooperation and Conflict (Meso-level) ....................................... 48 Transnational Protests Uniting Insiders and Outsiders (Macro-level) .................... 54 Coupling or Decoupling of Protesting and Voting (Micro-level) ........................... 58 Chapter 4: Meso-level: British, Dutch, and American Anti-War Coalitions ...... 66 Domestic and International Targets ........................................................................ 67 Movement-Related Grievances ............................................................................... 68 Party System and Electoral Context and Anti-War Protest Coalitions ................... 70 Insider-Outsider Cooperation and Conflict ............................................................. 89 Chapter 5: Macro-level: February 15, 2003 Protests in the European Union ... 103 Europeanization of Protest and EU Enlargement .................................................. 104 Domestic and International Targets ...................................................................... 110 Movement-Related Grievances Opposing U.S. Unilateralism in Iraq .................. 119 Divergent Histories of Participation, Protest, and Civil Society ........................... 121 Divergent Paths of Democratization ..................................................................... 130 Anti-War Protests on February 15, 2003 .............................................................. 136 Chapter 6: Micro-level: Demonstrators’ Coupling of Protesting and Voting ... 154 Coupling Protesting and Voting ............................................................................ 162 Decoupling Protesting and Voting or Expansion to Multiple Global Protests ..... 164 Domestic and International Targets ...................................................................... 167 Support of Movement-Related Grievances ........................................................... 173 Results ................................................................................................................... 181 Chapter 7: Conclusion ............................................................................................ 200 Appendices ............................................................................................................... 218 Appendix 1: Structured Interview Questions for Activists ................................... 219 Appendix 2: Chronology of Domestic Targets in the European Union ................ 220 Appendix 3: Chronology of February 15, 2003 Protests in the European Union . 231 Appendix 4: Actors, Targets, and Grievances at February 15, 2003 Protests....... 262 References ................................................................................................................ 280 iii List of Tables Table 2.1: Support of an Intervention in Iraq in the EU-15 (Gallup Europe 2003) ... 38 Table 3.1: Timeline of the Most Globalized Protests Against the War in Iraq .......... 50 Table 3.2: Interview Respondents .............................................................................