The Cross-Referencing System of Tuwali Ifugao: Form and Function E. Lou Hohulin Donald A. Burquest SIL International Photographer Lou Hohulin © 2011 Manila ISBN 978-971-18-0438-1 Electronically published at www.sil.org/asia/philippines/plb_download.html ISO 639-3 Ifugao, Tuwali (ifk) www.ethnologue.com Contents Tables . iv Preface . v Introduction . .. vi Abbreviations . vii Map . viii Chapter 1 Morphophonology in Tuwali Ifugao . 1 1 Introduction ........................................................................1 1.1 Description of the Tuwali Ifugao language ...........................................1 1.1.1 Phonology ...............................................................1 1.1.2 Syllable patterns ..........................................................2 1.2 Morphology ...................................................................3 1.2.1 Roots ..................................................................3 1.2.2 Verb inflection ...........................................................4 1.2.3 Verb root classification .....................................................4 2 Affixation and phonological rules .......................................................6 2.1 Syllabification .................................................................6 2.1.1 Prefix mangi-. 8 2.1.2 Infixes. .8 2.1.3 Suffixes .................................................................9 2.1.4 Circumfixes. .9 2.2 Nasal assimilation .............................................................10 2.3 Nasal assimilation and reduction of C1 of a root ......................................10 2.4 Syncope of the vowel /o/ .......................................................10 2.4.1 Syncope of /o/ in CoCV(C) roots. .11 2.4.2 Syncope of /o/ in CV.Co(C) roots ............................................11 2.4.3 Syncope of /o/ in Co.Co(C) roots ............................................12 3 Reduplication and gemination processes .................................................12 3.1 CV reduplication ..............................................................14 3.1.1 Action verbs and CV reduplication with no gemination ...........................14 3.1.2 Emotion verbs and CV reduplication with C1 gemination ..........................14 3.1.3 Derived verbs and CV reduplication, no gemination ..............................15 3.1.4 Nouns and CV reduplication with no gemination ................................15 3.2 CVC reduplication ............................................................16 3.2.1 CVC reduplication and medial consonant gemination .............................16 3.2.2 Examples with muN- prefix and no reduplication ................................17 3.2.3 Medial gemination blocked with CVC reduplication ..............................17 3.2.4 CVC reduplication and other affixes ..........................................18 3.3 CV.C2 reduplication ............................................................19 3.3.1 Action verbs, CV.C2 reduplication, no gemination ................................19 3.3.2 Action verbs, -an- infix, no gemination ........................................20 3.4 CV(C).CV reduplication ........................................................20 3.5 Gemination and affixes .........................................................21 3.5.1 paka- and paka- ?i- and no gemination ........................................21 3.5.2 paka- ?i- and gemination of initial C ..........................................22 3.5.3 paka- -on or paka- -an and gemination of medial C ...............................23 3.5.4 paka- -on and gemination of final .C . .23 3.5.5 maka- -an and gemination of medial C ........................................24 3.5.6 maka- and gemination of medial C ...........................................24 3.6 Syncope of vowel /o/ and reduplication ............................................25 ii Contents iii 3.7 CVC reduplication of affixes .....................................................25 4 Stress placement ...................................................................26 4.1 Penultimate syllable stress on monomorphemic words .................................26 4.2 Movement of stress ............................................................26 4.2.1 Movement of stress with suffixation ..........................................26 4.2.2 Movement of stress with enclitic pronouns .....................................27 5 Conclusion ........................................................................27 Chapter 2 Verbal morphology, cross-referencing, and NP positioning in Tuwali Ifugao . 29 1 Introduction .......................................................................29 2 Verbal morphology .................................................................29 2.1 Classification of verb roots ......................................................30 2.2 Lexical valence and semantic role sets ..............................................30 2.3 Default affixes. .30 2.4 Aspect ......................................................................30 3 Cross-referencing system .............................................................31 3.1 Affixation ...................................................................31 3.1.1 Affixes indicating the semantic role of the grammatical relation that they cross- reference ...............................................................32 3.1.2 Affix cross-referencing with the root ha-ad .....................................32 3.2 Deictic forms .................................................................34 3.3 Change of NP positions in a clause ................................................34 3.3.1 Moving a site NP from an indirect-object position to a direct-object position ...........35 3.3.2 Preposing the subject-agent constituent .......................................35 3.3.3 Moving an agent when a causative agent is present ..............................35 4 Summary and conclusions ............................................................36 Chapter 3 The rhetorical function of morphosyntactic variation in Tuwali Ifugao narrative . 37 1 Introduction .......................................................................37 1.1 Text introduction. .37 1.2 Analytical framework ..........................................................38 2 Morphosyntactic variation and morphology ...............................................39 2.1 Verb root classes and default affixes ...............................................40 2.2 Affixation and cross-referencing ..................................................40 2.3 Non-default affixation contrasted with default affixation ................................40 Summary: Morphosyntactic variation and morphology in text ..............................49 3 Morphosyntactic variation and information ...............................................49 3.1 Kinds of information ...........................................................49 3.2 Given and new information ......................................................50 3.3 Application of the Grimes and Prince notions ........................................50 3.3.1 Event information ........................................................50 3.3.2 Setting information .......................................................52 3.3.3 Participant and prop information ............................................55 3.3.4 Evaluation and background information .......................................62 Summary: Morphosyntactic variation and information in text ...............................65 Appendix A: Affix charts ...............................................................66 Appendix B: Determiners, personal and demonstrative pronouns ................................67 Appendix C: Hanadan Adi Matibo text .....................................................68 Expository introduction ............................................................68 Narrative 1 .................................................................69 Narrative 2 .................................................................71 Narrative 4 .................................................................74 References . 79 Tables 1.1. Consonants .......................................................................1 1.2. Vowels ..........................................................................2 1.3. Syllabification with prefix mangi- ......................................................8 1.4. Syllabification of verbs with infixes -um- and -in- ..........................................8 1.5. Syllabification of nouns with infixin - - ...................................................9 1.6. Syllabification with suffixeson - and -an .................................................9 1.7. Syllabification with circumfixin- - -an ...................................................9 1.8. Prefixes and nasal assimilation .......................................................10 1.9. Resyllabification with prefix maN- ....................................................10 1.10. Syncope of V /o/ in CoCV(C) roots ....................................................11 1.11. Syncope of V /o/ in CV.Co(C) roots ...................................................11 1.12. Syncope of V /o/ Co.Co(C) roots ......................................................12 1.13. Syncope of V /o/ in Co.Co(C) roots with circumfixes ......................................12 1.14. Examples of lexical categories and CV reduplication .......................................13 1.15. CV,