Integration of transport & land-use Th e case of the Leiden - Gouda area Delft , Jasper Bras Integration of transport and land-use: The case of the Leiden - Gouda area Delft , 24th Januari 2013 Thesis plan MSc Urbanism Architecture, Uranism and Building Sciences Student Jasper Bras 1402579 [email protected] .nl www.jasperbras.nl Mentors 1st mentor Prof. V. (Vincent) Nadin V.Nadin@tudelft .nl 2nd mentor Prof. dr. W.A.M. (Wil) Zonneveld W.A.M.Zonneveld@tudelft .nl External committee member A.S. (Alper) Alkan MA A.S.Alkan@tudelft .nl Cover image: In support of: Satellite image of landscape MSc3 Uranism Leiden to Gouda Th esis Plan (AR3U022) (Google Earth, 2012) Graduation Lab Urbanism (AR3U100) Univerity of Science Chair Graduation studio TU Delft Complex cities & Faculty of Architecture Spatial Planning and Strategy Regions in Transformation Summary S Summary Th is summary of the explains the structure research project. WKHRUHWLFDOFRQFHSWV 7,3 WHFKQLFDO VSDWLDO LQVWLWXWLRQDO 7KHRUHWLFDO SURFHVV This master thesis contains a comprehensive on concepts and models which support )UDPHZRUN and multi-disciplinary research on the integrated transport planning, such as ‘Transit integration of transport infrastructure and land- Oriented Development’ (TOD). Because of the use. ‘The Rijn Gouwe Lijn’ (RGL), a rail project multi-dimensional content this research, the 7KHRU\ DGDSWHGPRGHOVIRU FDVHVWXG\DUHD which connects the area between Leiden and theoretical framework shows the structure of 5HYLVHG VSDWLDOSODQQLQJLQ1/ Gouda is chosen as a case study. The research the TIP-model (Koppenjan & Groenewegen, 6FKHGXOH is comprehensive in the sense that studies 2005), and follows this structure in fi nding 'HVLJQRI are done according to three dimensions for specifi c concepts within the spatial, institutional $UWLIDFWV ‘complex technological systems’ such as railway and process dimension. This means that the infrastructure: technical (space), institutions and research goes further than spatial development process – derived from the conceptual ‘TIP- concepts as TOD; from the institutional model’ of Koppenjan and Groenewegen (2005). perspective organizational models are 2EVHUYDWLRQ investigated that support the spatial concepts The research of this master thesis draws on and the integration of policies. In terms of *HQHUDO 6SHFLÀF some critical issues and major developments, process, strategic spatial planning approaches )LHOG6WXG\ )LHOG6WXG\ which contribute to a changing practice and funding mechanisms are explained. RVHUYDWLRQRI HPSLULFDODVVHVPHQW of spatial planning in the Netherlands: the Subsequently, research criteria or indicators are VSDWLDOSODQQLQJLQ1/ FDVHVWXG\DUHD constraints around integration of infrastructure derived from the theoretical concepts, which FDVHVWXG\DUHD planning and spatial development, and the can be used for the empirical analysis of the related issues of governance at regional case study area in order to fi nd answers to the level, between provincial and municipal research questions. The case study is regarded administration – also known as the ‘regional as the specifi c fi eld study. gap’. Both issues come together with projects in regional transport infrastructure. Within The Rijn Gouwe Lijn (RGL) is used as a case this context two main research questions study to address these issues. The east-part defi ne the subject of research, the fi rst for of this project is a railway line, running from addressing the issues at the case study, the Leiden to Gouda. This project is relevant second for proposing (alternative) design because it crosses various municipal territories. recommendations: Also the project is known of it’s the diffi culties around the decision-making process. The • What are the issues of governance empirical research on this project (from the between local planning agencies, around perspective of space, institutions and process) the integration of sectoral polices on shows that there was no or little governance mobility and land-use and around the culture at involved public authorities for implementation of a transport infrastructure integration of policies on mobility and land-use. project such as the Rijn Gouwe Lijn at Also supporting integral concepts or visions on regional level? the project where missing. Thirdly, the study reveals the potentials of regional partnerships • What planning mechanism can address to fi ll the ‘regional gap’ between municipalities issues of governance, facilitate integration of and provincial government. policies and support the implementation of such a project? Based on the results of the case study and with the knowledge of various theoretical concepts The research is inductive: it starts with an related to integrated transport planning, some observation study on the spatial planning recommendations have been done which practice within the Netherlands, including the ultimately have been translated to (alternative) current issues and developments within this spatial, institutional and process design system that might infl uence large infrastructure proposals for the project and its region – the projects (appendix A). This stage, the general design of artifacts. fi eld study, is followed by a literature study Fig. 0.1 Research methodology: inductive research Fig. 0.2 Adapted satellite image of landscape between Leiden & Gouda Summary 3 A Acknowledgements I would like to thank all the persons who contributed to the graduation project. Inquiries with experts, citizens, and other respondents - the interviewees from the provine of Zuid-Holland, the municipality of Zoeterwoude, the regional partnership Holland Rijnland, the former alderman of the municipality of Leiden, the Chamber of Commerce (KvK) and ProRail. Also I would like to emphasize Procap for their willingness to get me the right information, the project organization of the Rijn Gouwe Lijn who kept me informed on the recent developments around the project and the association ‘Deltametropool’ who helped me with some of the empirical analysis. My special thanks go out to my parents, who always have been there for me. They supported me in my studies since I started at the Intermediate Vocational Education (MBO). It is doubtful if i would have achieved this level without their mental support. Last but not least, I would like to thank Vincent Nadin and Wil Zonneveld for their mentorship. They allowed me to study spatial planning issues that caught my personal interest, and supported me to involve studies on other disciplines such as public management. Jasper Bras Delft, November 2012 Fig. 0.3 Traditionally a photograph of every graduation student within the studio Complex Cities is taken, in order to promote the sub- ject of research. Acknowledgements 5 P Preface If we think of large scale infrastructure projects in the Netherlands that have been developed recently we might come to the conclusion that the number of completed projects in terms of rail infrastructure is very limited. And if someone might ask to give a successful example of a railway line that has been developed last years it is hard to give a positive answer to this. We probably all know the ‘Betuwelijn’ or the recently completed ‘HSL’ (FYRA) (both connecting the Netherlands with its neighbouring countries), because of the issues around these projects; the extraordinary budget and their outranging costs in particular. It even might be argued that such projects have put large railway projects in a negative perspective. But also projects of smaller scale have been realized, at regional level: the ‘Randstadrail’ for example – a tramline that connects The Hague and Rotterdam. This project is probably more successful, partly because the line has been built together with its surroundings. Nevertheless, what these projects have in common is that they are defi ned by high complexity; for instance, they require participation of many different stakeholders and ask for integral planning approaches because these projects interact with their spatial and programmatic environment. The research of this master thesis draws on these constraints regarding integration of infrastructure planning and spatial development, and addresses the related issues of governance at regional level, between provincial and municipal administration - the ‘regional gap’. Both issues come together with projects in regional transport infrastructure. In order to understand the context of this ‘arena’ the thesis contains a survey on the system of spatial planning in the Netherlands, including the latest practices related to integrated transport planning. Secondly, in order to fi nd potential and appropriate concepts that anticipate on these critical issues, various theories on integrated transport planning (e.g. nodal development or ‘transit oriented development’) and regional governance (e.g. institutional capacity building) are derived from literature research. As part of the empirical research, a regional transport infrastructure project has been taken as a case study: the ‘Rijn Gouwe Lijn’ (RGL) between Leiden and Gouda. In this case the critical issues regarding regional transport infrastructure are addressed and appropriate concepts from the theoretical study are applied. Preface 7 T Table of content Table of content Summary 3 2.4.1 Strategic spatial planning 68 2.4.2 Funding mechanisms 70 Acknowledgements 5 2.4.3 How to apply at the case study? 71 2.5 Th e empirical assessment 72 Preface 7 2.3.1 Th e purposes of the empirical research 72 2.3.2 Studies on spatial & programmatic implications