H I G H E R E HIGHER EDUCATION IN DU Public Disclosure Authorized CAT AFGHANISTAN I O N I N AF G H AN Public Disclosure Authorized I ST AN The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington DC, 20043 Public Disclosure Authorized U.S.A. Telephone: 202-473-1000 www.worldbank.org An E m er g i The World Bank ng Afghanistan Country Office M An Emerging Mountainscape Street No. 15, House No. 19 o Wazir Akbar Khan un Kabul, Afghanistan Public Disclosure Authorized t Telephone: +93 (0) 700-280-800 a ins www.worldbank.org/af An Emerging mountainscape [email protected] ca pe HIGHER EDUCATION IN AFGHANISTAN An Emerging Mountainscape August 2013 THE WORLD BANK South Asia Region Washington, D.C. i © 2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. 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Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e- mail: [email protected]. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... E1 STRATEGIC OPTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION ................ E7 CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1 HIGHER EDUCATION FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ...................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Economic and Social Benefits of Investment in Higher Education ............................................ 3 The Relevance of Higher Education for the Economy ............................................................... 7 The Social Relevance of Higher Education .............................................................................. 10 CHAPTER TWO ...........................................................................................................................12 PATTERNS OF ACCESS AND PARTICIPATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION ......................12 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 12 Higher Education in Afghanistan in International Context ...................................................... 13 The Higher Education Picture in Afghanistan .......................................................................... 15 The Time Trend of Higher Education Enrollment .................................................................... 16 The Composition of Higher Education Enrollment .................................................................. 17 Potential Pathways for the Future ............................................................................................. 22 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................24 ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION .............................................24 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 24 Higher Education Quality: A Conceptual Framework ............................................................. 24 The Importance of Qualified, Skilled and Motivated Academic Staff ..................................... 26 Improving Learning and Teaching Approaches ....................................................................... 29 ICT Equipment and Library Resources .................................................................................... 31 Physical Facilities and Equipment in Universities ................................................................... 33 Student Learning Assessments and Examinations .................................................................... 33 Quality Assurance and Enhancement ....................................................................................... 34 Potential Pathways for the Future ............................................................................................. 39 CHAPTER FOUR ..........................................................................................................................42 STRENGTHENING GOVERNANCE OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION ..................................42 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 42 Governing the Higher Education Sector: The Role of the State ............................................... 42 Promoting Autonomy and Accountability in Public Universities ............................................ 44 Stewardship of Private Higher Education Institutions .............................................................. 48 iii CHAPTER FIVE ...........................................................................................................................58 INVESTMENT IN AND FINANCING OF HIGHER EDUCATION..........................................58 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 58 Public Investment in Higher Education .................................................................................... 58 Alternative Options for Funding Public Higher Education Institutions ................................... 60 Policy Options for Promoting Private-Public Partnerships in Higher Education ..................... 62 Potential Pathways for the Future ............................................................................................. 64 iv LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND BOXES FIGURES Figure 1.1: Prioritization of Ranking of Sectors in the Afghanistan National Development Strategy 2008-2013 (Percent) .....................................................................................2 Figure 1.2: Impact of Education on Economic Welfare, Urban Sector ....................................... 3 Figure 1.3: Impact of Education on Economic Welfare, Rural Sector ......................................... 4 Figure 1.4: Impact of Education on Female Labor Force Participation, Urban Sector ................ 5 Figure 1.5: Impact of Education on Female Labor Force Participation, Rural Sector ................. 6 Figure 1.6: Key-Job Specific Skills Required by Employers in Malaysia ................................... 8 Figure 1.7: Priority Soft Skills or Personality Attributes Among Employers in Sri Lanka ......... 8 Figure 2.1: Trend in Gross Enrollment Rates for Primary and Secondary Children between 2002- 2010 ............................................................................................................... 12 Figure 2.2: Higher Education Gross Enrollment in Relation to GDP Per Capita of Low and Lower- Midle Income Countries .............................................................................. 14 Figure 2.3: A Typology of Higher Education in the Modern World .......................................... 15 Figure 2.4: Total Higher Education Enrollment in Afghanistan (2001-2012) ........................... 16 Figure 2.5: Time Trend of Enrolments in Public and Private Higher Education Institutions (2001-2012).............................................................................................................. 17 Figure 2.6: Higher Education Enrollment Shares in Public Higher Education Institutions by Gender (2012) .......................................................................................................... 19 Figure 2.7: Gross Enrollment Rate, Secondary Education by Gender ....................................... 20 Figure 2.8: Higher Education Gender Parity Index (GP1) in Comparable Countries and Regions .................................................................................................................................. 21 Figure 3.1: Determinants of Higher Education Quality – A Conceptual Framework ................ 25 Figure 3.2: Types of Academic Staff Incentives ........................................................................ 29 Figure 4.1: The Staganation and Change Diamonds .................................................................. 43 Figure 4.2: The Structure of Accountability in Higher Education ............................................. 47 Figure 4.3: Private Higher Education Enrollment Share, by Region ......................................... 48 Figure 4.4: