te t/:p--J038 .. } ,' ,, .. ' . ·� . I ; ,· . ' . '/ YEL.LOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK " � ! I '!'' • SUBMERGED RESOURCES SURVEY I ·' I i I \. ,· i .\ I: ··r· 'I I CC®ll®IT' §��IID� YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK a product of the NATIONAL PARK SERVICE SYSTEMWIDE ARCHEOLOGICALINVENTORY PROGRAM YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK Submerged Resources Survey James E. Bradford Archeologist Matthew A. Russell Archeologist Larry E. Murphy Archeologist Timothy G. Smith Geodesist Submerged Resources Center Intermountain Region National Park Service Santa Fe, New Mexico 1999 11 Submerged Resources Center Cultural Resources Management Intermountain Region National Park Service US Department of the Interior 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... vii FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................. X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... xi PART 1: REMOTE SENSING SURVEY ..................................... ............................................ 1 Matthew A. Russell, Larry E. Murphy and Timothy G. Smith INTRODUCTION .... ............................ ................ ........................................... ............. 2 PROBLEM STATEMENT................... ........................................................................ 3 SURVEY DESIGN AND RATIONALE ............... ...................................................... 4 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ..................... .......................................... 5 GIS Data Archiving ........................................ ...................................................... 6 Survey Blocks and Sample Intervals ..................................................................... 6 Positioning ................... ....................................................................................... .. 6 SURVEY INSTRUMENTATION........ ........................... ............................................. 7 Positioning ............................................................................................................. 8 RoxAnn Bottom Classification Device ................................................................. 8 Depth Sounder ....................................................................................................... 9 Side Scan Sonar .............. ...... ................................................. ................................ 9 Magnetometer .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 SURVEY METHODOLOGY .... ......... ......... .................... .............. ..... .......... ......... 10 Objectives ........ ................... ............ ................... ......... .... ............... ......... .......... 10 Digitizing ................... .................... ........................................................... ........... 10 Survey Planning ...................................................... .................................. .......... 12 Survey Positioning ......................... ..................................................................... 12 RoxAnn Survey ............................................................................................. ..... 13 Side Scan Sonar Survey ........... ........................................................ .................. 14 Magnetometer Survey .......................................................................................... 15 SURVEY OPERATIONS ........................................................................................... 15 Geodetic Positioning . .. ..................................................................... .................. 15 Hydrographic Survey .............................................................. ............................ 16 ROXANN TRAINING SITES .................................................................................... 17 RoxAnn Bottom Type Classifications ................................................................. 17 RoxAnn Classification Boxes .............................................................................. 18 iv SURVEY RESULTS . ...... ................ ........................................ ........... ................ 22 RoxAnn Survey ........................................................................ : ........................... 22 Side Scan Sonar Survey ........................................ ............... ............................... 23 Depth Sounder .............................. ............ .................... ....... ............. .... ........ ... 23 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................... 23 PART II: CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS ............................. ............. .. 36 James E. Bradford and Matthew A. Russell 1 INTRODUCTION ...... ..... ........ ........... ............... .. ..... ................... ........ .... ... 37 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT . ...................... ... ... ........ ... ......... .. .... ...... .. 40 Geology ..................... ............. ... ........ .............................. ............... ... ........ 40 Volcanism .... ...................... ..................................................................... 40 Glaciation . .................... ... ........................ ............... .......... ................... 43 Climate ........................................................................................................... 44 Biology .. .... ... ... .... ........................................................ ............................ 44 Flora and Fauna ........... ........................... ........... ................ ............... 44 3 llSTORICAL CONTEXT .......................... .......... ............................ ................. 47 Brief History of Yellowstone National Park ...... ............... ................ .......... 48 Yellowstone Lake Use .... ............ ................ ....... .............. ................... ........ 51 American Indian Lake Use . 51 Euroamerican Lake Use ............................................................ ........ ... 53 4 PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICALWORK . ... ............. ............ ....... ....... ......... 74 Fishing Bridge/Mary Bay ....... ............................. ............. ............ .............. 74 Lake/Bridge Bay ......... ............. ......................... ............. ............ ............ .. 76 West Thumb .............................. .. ........... ......... .... .. ............ ....... .. ......... 76 Southeast Arm... .... .............................................................................. ......... 77 1995 SCRU Reconnaissance ..... ........................ ......... ................................ 77 5 SURVEY RESULTS ........ ............................................ ............................... .... .. 79 Southeast Arm. ........... .... ...................................... ............. ............................ 79 Frank Island .... ........ .. ....... ,......................................................................... 81 Dot Island .... .............. ............ ............... .................................. .......... ......... 83 Pumice Point ........... ....... ................. ............... ........ ....................................... 84 Little Thumb Creek ...................................... ........................ .. ................ ..... 84 We st Thumb Geyer Basin .............................................................................. 84 Lake Boat Docks ........................ .... ........................... ........ .......... ............... 90 Small Craft ...... ............. .............. ........................................ ....... ................. 93 Zillah and Jean D ·································· ···················' ····································· 98 E. C. Wa ters ...... .......... ... .............. ............... ........................... ................. 100 v Hull Remains . 100 Propulsion System and Related Features ...................................................... 111 Disarticulated Machinery and Other Features ............................................. 120 Analysis and Discussion .............................................................................. 128 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................. 130 Recommendations ....................................................................................... 131 Management .......................................................................................... 131 Future Research ..................................................................................... 132 REFERENCES ....................... ........................................................................... 134 vi LIST OF FIGURES PART I 1. Planned survey blocks and side scan sonar coverage ....................................................... 11 2. Category 1: Cobble and rubble with sand ........................................................................ 19 3. Category 2: Rubble and sand on hard bottom ................................................................. 19 4. Category 3: Mud and fine sand .......................................................................................