This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com Reportfortheyear1872-73 AlexanderCunningham 1 .. I y ' ') > n Jnbian Institute, dsforfr. ||rc{wo%icaI §bmto% of $naw. REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1872-73 Br ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM, C.S.I., lUgl-tHIUL, BOYAL BNOINBBBS (BBNQAL BBTIBBD) ; DIBBCTOE-GBlfBBAI, OF TBI ABCil.VOLOCIC.il. BCBTBY OB IWDIA; MF.MI1KB. BOYAL ASIATIC SOCIBTY; BOX. MBMBEB, BB1TGAL ASIATIC SOCIETY; HBKBBB OF THE ANTHBOPOLOGICAL IHSTITOTK AHD HCM1SMATI0 SOCIETY OF LOWDON ; COBBBSPONDINO MF.MUKR OF TUB ORlU.1I.il. SOCIBTY OB GBBMANY. VOLUME V. " What iB aimed st is an accurate description, illustrated by plans, measurements, drawings or photo graphs, and bj copies of inscriptions, of such remains as most deserve notice, with the history of them so far u it may be traceable, and a record of the traditions that are preserved regarding; them." Loud Casbtsg. " Whatc the learned world demand of us in India is to be quite certain of our data, to place the monu mental record before them exactly as it now eiists, and to interpret it faithfully and literally."— Jakes Pxtssbf. Bsngal Aiiatie Society'! Journal, 1838, p. 2?7. CALCUTTA: OFFICE CF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVEKNMENT PBIKTINO. 187S. CALCUTTA: PBINTBD BY THE BFrBTITNTBNDSNT OV QOTBRVMBNT PBIXTOfd, 8, DASTIKOS STREET. CONTENTS OF VOLUME V. Pasi. ISTBODUCTION. 1. Yusnfzai district 1 2. Shahbaz-garhi 8 3. Takht-i-Bahi 23 4. Sahri-Bahlol 36 5. Jamal-garki 46 6. Eharkai 53 7. Sawal-dher 55 8. Nogram ib. 9. Inscriptions from Yusufzai 67 10. Khairabad 64 11. Shah-dheri, or Taxila. 66 12. Manikyala 75 13. Antiquities of the Salt Range 79 11 Mallot 85 15. Ketas 90 16. Kutanwala-pind 93 17. Maira ib. 18. Plains of the Panjab 94 19. Jobnathnagar 96 80. Shorkot 97 21. Bavanni 103 22. Harapa 105 23. Depalpnr 109 24. Tnlamba HI 25. Multan 114 26. Tusham 13g 27. Hisar Pillar 140 28. Delhi Pillars 142 29. Jalandhara 145 30. Pathankot 153 IL Kot-Kangra I55 32- Jwala-Mukhi I69 S3. Kanhiara iyg **- Chari I77 35. Kiragrama 173 36. Asapuri 183 Appendix A. — Ancient Indian Architecture 185 Indo-Pcrsian and Indo-Grecian Styles. - B.— List of sculptures from Jamfll-garhi, Sahri-BahloL Kharkai and Takht-i-Bahi. PLATES. No. I. Map of the Panjab. II. Ditto Yusufzai district. III. Ditto Shahbazgarhi. IV. Cave of Sudatta. V. Rock inscription of Asoka. VI. Map of Takht-i-Bahi. VII. General plan of Buddhist ruins. VIII. Enlarged plan of Stupa Court. IX. Views of ditto. X. Single Chapel— Interior. XI. Map of Sahri-Bahlol. XII. Antiquities from Kharkai and Sahri Bahlol. XIII. Map of Jamal-garhi. XIV. General plan of ruins. XV. Enlarged plan of Stupa and Vihars. XVI. Yusufzai Inscriptions. XVII. Ionic Vihar at Taxila. XVni. Pillars of ditto. XIX. Plan of Buddhist Vihar at Taxila. XX. Babar-Khana Stupa and Monastery at Taxila. XXI. Manikyala Tope— Plan. XXII. Ditto Elevation and Section. XXIII. Ditto Staircases. XXIV. Ditto Pilasters and Entablature. XXV. Mallot— Map. XXVI. Ditto— Temple and Gateway. XXVII. Ditto— Pillar of Temple. XXVIII. Maira — Inscription. XXIX. Shorkot— Plan and Section. XXX. Ditto — Moulded and Inscribed Bricks. XXXI. Bavanni — Map and Moulded Bricks. XXXII. Harapa— Map. XXXIII. Ditto— Antiquities. XXXIV. Depalpur— Map and Section. XXXV. Tulamba— Map and Moulded Bricks. XXXVI. Multan— Map. XXXVII. Ditto— Coins with bust of Sun-God. XXXVIII. Ditto— Plan and Section of Roku-ialam Tomb. XXXIX. Ditto — Specimens of Glazed Tile panels. XL. Tusham Rock Inscriptions. XLI. Hisar and Delhi Pillar Inscriptions. XLII. KangTa Inscriptions. XLIII. Kiragram — Baijnath Temple. XLFV. Ditto— Siddhnath Temple. XLV. Indo-Persian Style of Architecture. XLVI. Illustrations from Bharhut. XLVII. Indo Grecian Style of Architecture. XLVIII. Indo-Corinthian Pillars. XLIX. Ditto ditto. L. Ditto ditto. INTRODUCTION. The present volume contains the results of a tour through the Punjab during the cold season of 1872-73. The most noteworthy results of this tour are the acquisition of a new copy of the rock inscription of Asoka at Shahb&z- garhi, and of an extensive and very valuable collection of Buddhist sculptures of the Indo-Scythian period. A small collection of similar sculptures which was taken to England V Dr. Leitner has not only excited much attention, but has caused some controversy both as to the age when the sculptures were executed, and as to the alleged traces of Grecian art which Dr. Leitner believes them to possess. On the latter point I must say that I agree entirely with Dr. Leitner. There are some of these sculptures which are no doubt rather coarsely, and others perhaps even clumsily, executed ; but the majority of them exhibit a boldness of design and a freedom of execution which no Eastern artist has ever yet shown. I do not of course attribute them to actual Greek sculptors, but I firmly believe that they owe all their beauty as well as all their truth of grouping to the teachings of Greek artists, whose precepts were still under stood and conscientiously followed long after the Greek dominion in North-Western India had passed away. One of the most characteristic marks which distinguishes these Indo-Grecian sculptures from all other Indian examples which I have yet seen, is that whenever a face is partly turned to one side, that side is invariably cut away to nearly VI INTRODUCTION TO VOL. V. flatness so as to give a deeper shadow to it, and a greater prominence to the unaverted side. Whether this was a practice of any of the Greek sculptors I am unahle to say ; but I can vouch that it was not an Indian practice. That I am fully justified in holding this belief I need only point to the fine specimens of Indo-Corinthian pillars which I have given with the appendix of the present volume. Of the Greek origin of their magnificent acanthus leaf capitals there can be no doubt. But if the architecture be Hellenic, it is only natural that we should look for some traces at least of the same influence in the sculptures which stood beside these Corinthian pillars. As to the age of these specimens of Indo-Grecian archi tecture and sculpture, my belief is that the great mass of them belong to the most flourishing period of Indo- Scythian rule under Kanishka and his immediate successors, or from 40 B. C. to about 100 A. D. The beauty of some specimens is so great that I should have been glad to have assigned them to a still earlier period. A few specimens, such as the figure of Athene with spear and helmet, now in the Lahore Museum, may date as early as 80 B. C. during the reign of Azas, on whose coins a similar figure of the goddess is found. But there is no trace of any Greek writ ing, and as nearly all of the subjects of the sculptures are illustrative of the Buddhist religion, I think that they must be later than the period of Greek rule in the Kabul valley, which ended about B. C. 120. One argument that has been brought forward against the early date which I have assigned to these sculptures, is the fact that no images of Buddha are found amongst the sculptures of the Sanchi Stupa, which dates as late as 100 A. D. But though I believe this to be strictly true of Central India, yet it is absolutely certain that images of Buddha were known in the Kabul valley and Punjab before INTRODUCTION TO VOL. V. vii the Christian era, as the coins of Kanishka present us with two unmistakeahle figures of Buddha — one as the teacher seated, the other as the teacher standing, — in each case with the right hand upraised as if in the act of speaking.* The Greek legend which accompanies these figures has not heen satisfactorily deciphered ; but as the one portion of it which is clear on all the coins reads Saka «xx, there can he no douht that the figure is that of Sakya Muni. It is equally certain that images of Buddha had heen introduced into Northern India about the same period, as several of them have been found at Mathura with inscriptions of Kanishka and his successors Huvishka and Vasu Deva. The colossal statue of Buddha which I dug up in the Kosamha Kuti temple at Sravasti is, I believe, of a somewhat earlier date, as the syllable sya, which occurs in it more than once, is of an older form than that of the Indo- Scythian records. But these same sculptures also present us with another style of architecture, which I have ventured to call the Indo- Persian, as its prototype is to be found in the famous pillars of the Achoemenian palaces at Persepolis and Susa. In the Appendix I have given a brief notice of several specimens of this Indo-Persian style, which is found to have prevailed over the whole of Northern India both before and after the Christian era. In the North- West it was sup planted by the three different styles of Greek architecture hy the Indo-Corinthian in the Kabul valley, by the Indo- Ionic in Taxila, and by the Indo-Doric in Kashmir. But no specimens of these styles have been found to the east of the Sutlej, whereas the Indo-Persian style was spread over the whole of Northern India from Kabul to Orissa, and from the banks of the Ganges to the source of the * See Ariana Antiqua, Plate XIII, Figs.