SCS Project Number 799-2 AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY OF AN APPROXIMATELY 90 ACRE PARCEL LĀWA`I AHUPUA`A, KŌLOA DISTRICT, KAUA`I ISLAND, HAWAI`I [TMK: (4) 2-6-002: 001, 004 to 006] Prepared By: Rachel Hoerman B.A. and Robert L. Spear, Ph.D. Revised January 2009 Prepared For: The National Tropical Botanical Gardens 3530 Papalina Road, Kalaheo, HI 96741 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SCS would like to thank the staff of the National Tropical Botanical Garden, and in particular, Director Chipper Wichman. ii ABSTRACT At the request of Charles “Chipper” Wichman, Director of the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG), Scientific Consultant Services, Inc. (SCS), conducted an Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, from April 28 to May 11, and an Archaeological Inventory Survey, from May 12 to June 15, 2007, at Allerton Gardens. The project area was comprised of an approximately 90 acre area located in Lāwa`i Ahupua`a, Kōloa District, Kauai Island [TMK: (4) 2-6-002:001,004-006]. During the Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey and Archaeological Inventory Survey six sites were newly identified. The newly identified sites include: Site 50-30-10-893, (SCS Site TS-1), agricultural terraces on the slope along the east side of the Allerton’s house); State Site 50-30-10-894 (SCS Site TS-2), multi-feature Habitation Site at the southeast corner of the property. State Site 50-30-10- 895 (SCS Site TS-3), two terraces located west of the stream; State Site 50-30-10-896 (SCS Site TS-4), a lo`i complex in a hau patch just west of the stream); State Site 50-30-10-897, (SCS Site TS-5), a habitation terrace located behind the Diana’s Fountain; State Site 50-30-10-898, a wall which was part of the Allerton Modifications. In addition, one site previously identified by Kikuchi (1963), State Site 50-30-10-3069 (Kikuchi’s Site 53), and one feature (Feature C of Site 50-30-10-3067, Kikuchi’s 50c), also previously identified by Kikuchi, were relocated and documented. State Site 50-30-10-3069 (Kikuchi’s Site 53) consists of a stone wall located at the southwest end of the project area (Kikuchi 1963:40, 42). Site 50-30-10-3067, Feature C (Kikuchi’s Site 50c) consists of a series of lo`i terraces located along the east and west sides of the stream which were initially identified by Kikuchi (1963: 39, 40). Sites 50-30-10-893 through 50-30-10-898, 50-30-10-3067, Feature C, and 50-30-10-3069 -, have been evaluated for significance according to the established criteria for the Hawai`i State Register of Historic Places §13-275-6. All of these sites have been found to be significant under Criterion D, information content. Due to the wealth of prehistoric and historic archaeological resources in the area, SCS recommends the entire project area be preserved under its current use as a portion of the existing Allerton Gardens. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 SCOPE OF WORK............................................................................................................. 1 PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION................................................................................................. 4 CLIMATE........................................................................................................................... 4 SOIL DESCRIPTIONS ...................................................................................................... 4 VEGETATION................................................................................................................... 5 CULTURAL HISTORICAL CONTEXT....................................................................................... 7 TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS ................................................................. 7 THE HISTORIC PERIOD.................................................................................................. 7 1778 to 1840 ........................................................................................................... 7 THE MĀHELE ................................................................................................................... 8 1840’s...................................................................................................................... 8 1850 to 1886 ......................................................................................................... 10 1886 to 1935 McBryde Period.............................................................................. 11 MCBRYDE SUGAR COMPANY ................................................................................... 13 MCBRYDE SETTLEMENT AND AGRICULTURE ..................................................... 14 FISHPOND....................................................................................................................... 19 BEACH............................................................................................................................. 20 CAVE BURIALS.............................................................................................................. 22 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGY.................................................................................................... 23 KŌLOA DISTRICT AND AHUPUA`A SITES .............................................................. 23 LĀWA`I AHUPUA`A SITES .......................................................................................... 24 STATE SITE 50-30-10-893 (SCS TS-1).......................................................................... 29 Feature Description............................................................................................... 30 STATE SITE 50-30-10-894 (SCS TS-2).......................................................................... 32 Feature Description............................................................................................... 34 Excavation Descriptions ....................................................................................... 36 STATE SITE 50-30-10-895 (SCS TS-3).......................................................................... 39 Feature Description............................................................................................... 39 STATE SITE 50-30-10-896 (SCS TS-4).......................................................................... 41 Feature Descriptions ............................................................................................. 41 Excavation Descriptions ....................................................................................... 43 Subsurface Feature Descriptions........................................................................... 44 STATE SITE 50-30-10-897 (SCS TS-5).......................................................................... 46 iv Feature Descriptions ............................................................................................. 49 STATE SITE 50-30-10-898.............................................................................................. 49 Excavation Description......................................................................................... 51 STATE SITE 50-30-10-3067, FEATURE C (KIKUCHI’S SITE 50C)........................... 54 Feature Descriptions ............................................................................................. 54 Excavation Descriptions ....................................................................................... 56 Site -3067 Subsurface Feature Descriptions......................................................... 58 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION................................................................................................ 60 SITE SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................. 61 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 63 APPENDIX A: PROJECT MATERIALS ANALYSIS ................................................................ A APPENDIX B: RADIOCARBON DATA.....................................................................................B v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: USGS Koloa Quadrangle Showing the Project Area. .................................................... 2 Figure 2: Tax Map Key (TMK) Showing the Project Area............................................................ 3 Figure 3: Overview of Lāwa`i Valley, View from the South West................................................ 6 Figure 4: Previously Unknown Photo of McBryde’s House on the Beach at Lāwa`i Kai (1938). View to the North. Photo from the Kauai Museum, Palama Album, Picture #2019.608.14. ............................................................................................................... 12 Figure 5: Lāwa`i Valley, View to the Northeast Prior to 1934, from the Kauai Museum Palama Album. .......................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 6: 1927 Photo of Lāwa`i Beach from the Northeast Showing Queen Emma’s Cottage. From the Kauai Museum Palama