2. Efforts to Assure Safe and Comfortable Mobility Associate Professor, Graduate School of Trends and Present Situation Environmental Science, Okayama University 2-1 of Road Traffic Accidents Seiji Hashimoto After the latest peak in 1992, the number of traffic fatalities has shown a downward trend; in 2009, it dropped to less than 5000 (4914 lives lost). There has also been a continuous reduction in recent years in the number of traffic accidents and the number of casualties; obviously, various efforts made in the past have started to pay off. A look at the details of traffic accidents By age: accidents involving young people (age 20 to 29) have noticeably decreased, and are now less than those involving people 50 to 59 years old. By means of transportation: for bicycles, which are popular as eco-friendly transportation, the number of fatalities has leveled off; but the bicycle accidents involving pedestrians are increasing; there is a need for traffic safety education that aims at better cycling practices and the managing of space for safe cycling. Fig. 1 Changes in the numbers of fatalities and injuries Table 1 The ten prefectures with the highest casualties: from traffic accidents, and changes in the number number of traffic casualties per 100,000 of accidents ■ The number of fatalities from traffic accidents decreased inhabitants and per 10,000 vehicles in 2009 steadily, as did the number of accidents and the number of Casualties per 100,000 people Casualties per 10,000 vehicles injuries. Kagawa Prefecture 1461.4 Kagawa Prefecture 162.9 㪈㪉㪇㪇㪇㪇㪇 㪉㪇㪇㪇㪇 Saga Prefecture 1230.2 Fukuoka Prefecture 159.9 㪈㪍㪎㪍㪌 Number of fatalities 㪐㪏㪈㪇㪐㪍 㪈㪏㪇㪇㪇 Shizuoka Prefecture 1226.5 Shizuoka Prefecture 145.6 㪈㪇㪇㪇㪇㪇㪇 㪈㪍㪇㪇㪇 s 㪐㪈㪇㪈㪈㪌 Gunma Prefecture 1201.9 Saga Prefecture 141.5 Number of injuries 㪈㪋㪇㪇㪇 㪏㪇㪇㪇㪇㪇 Miyazaki Prefecture 1169.9 Osaka Prefecture 135.6 㪎㪊㪍㪍㪏㪏 㪈㪉㪇㪇㪇 㪎㪉㪇㪏㪏㪇 Fukuoka Prefecture 1140.8 Miyazaki Prefecture 128.0 㪍㪇㪇㪇㪇㪇 㪈㪇㪇㪇㪇 Okayama Prefecture 1123.7 Okayama Prefecture 126.7 㪏㪇㪇㪇 㪋㪇㪇㪇㪇㪇 Yamanashi Prefecture 1000.9 Gunma Prefecture 126.6 㪍㪇㪇㪇 Number of fatalitie Number of accidents 㪋㪐㪈㪋 Wakayama Prefecture 892.7 Hyogo Prefecture 125.5 㪋㪇㪇㪇 㪉㪇㪇㪇㪇㪇 㪉㪇㪇㪇 Tokushima Prefecture 863.0 Tokyo Metropolis 121.9 Number of accidents / and casualities 㪇 㪇 Nationwide 717.7 Nationwide 101.1 9 5 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 5 0 0 Source: Traffic Statistics 2009 (Institute for Traffic Accident Research 200 and Data Analysis) 195 196 197 197 198 198 199 199 200 200 194 195 196 Source: Traffic Statistics 2009 (Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis) Fig. 2 Changes in number of fatalities by age group Fig. 3 Changes in number of fatalities by transport modes ■ All in all, a downward trend is evident. The number of ■ Fatalities “in a vehicle” decreased noticeably; and since 2008, fatalities is high for the elderly (65 and over). It has sharply “in a vehicle” fatalities have been less than “while walking” decreased for those aged 20 to 29 (which is less than that for fatalities. age 50 to 59). In a vehicle 㪊㪌㪇㪇 㪎㪇㪇㪇 Age 65 and over On a motorcycle 㪊㪇㪇㪇 㪍㪇㪇㪇 On a bicycle While walking While walking 㪉㪌㪇㪇 㪉㪋㪌㪉 㪌㪇㪇㪇 Other In a vehicle Age 40-49 Age 20-29 㪉㪇㪇㪇 㪋㪇㪇㪇 Age 16-19 㪈㪌㪇㪇 㪊㪇㪇㪇 Age 50-59 㪈㪇㪇㪇 㪉㪇㪇㪇 㪈㪎㪈㪎 Number of fatalities On a motorcycle 㪌㪉㪊 㪈㪍㪇㪇 Age 30-39 㪋㪎㪍 On a bicycle 㪏㪏㪍 㪌㪇㪇 㪊㪏㪉 㪈㪇㪇㪇 㪊㪎㪉 㪍㪐㪌 Age 60-69 㪊㪎㪈 Age 15 and under 㪉㪉㪎 Other 㪈㪍 㪇 㪈㪈㪈 㪇 㪉㪇㪇㪐 㪈㪐㪎㪇 㪈㪐㪎㪌 㪈㪐㪐㪇 㪈㪐㪐㪌 㪈㪐㪍㪇 㪈㪐㪍㪌 㪈㪐㪌㪌 㪈㪐㪏㪇 㪈㪐㪏㪌 㪉㪇㪇㪇 㪉㪇㪇㪌 㪈㪐㪏㪈 㪈㪐㪐㪈 㪈㪐㪐㪋 㪉㪇㪇㪈 㪉㪇㪇㪋 㪈㪐㪎㪐 㪈㪐㪏㪇 㪈㪐㪏㪉 㪈㪐㪏㪌 㪈㪐㪏㪎 㪈㪐㪏㪏 㪈㪐㪐㪇 㪈㪐㪐㪊 㪈㪐㪐㪌 㪈㪐㪐㪍 㪈㪐㪐㪏 㪉㪇㪇㪎 㪈㪐㪏㪊 㪈㪐㪏㪋 㪈㪐㪏㪍 㪈㪐㪏㪐 㪈㪐㪐㪉 㪈㪐㪐㪎 㪈㪐㪐㪐 㪉㪇㪇㪇 㪉㪇㪇㪊 㪉㪇㪇㪍 㪉㪇㪇㪐 㪉㪇㪇㪉 㪉㪇㪇㪌 㪉㪇㪇㪏 Source: Traffic Statistics 2009 (Institute for Traffic Accident Research Source: Traffic Statistics 2009 (Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis) and Data Analysis) 24 TRANSPORT POLICY IN PERSPECTIVE: 2010 Fig. 4 Changes in the percentage of seatbelt use and Fig. 5 Changes in percentage of seatbelt use by position mortality rate in vehicle ■ The more people wear seatbelts, the lower the mortality rate ■ Thanks to revisions in the Road Traffic Law, the percentage tends to be. of seatbelt use by back seat passengers is increasing both on ordinary roads and on expressways. % % % e 100 0.7 100 Percentage of seatbelt use ) 90 0.6 Mortality rate 0.6 80 0.55 70 0.5 Driver’s seat 0.47 93.3 0.5 60 (ordinary road) 90 88.8 89.1 91.3 Passenger front seat 0.41 88.3 50 (ordinary road) 87.2 89.1 0.4 Back seat (ordinary 86.4 40 road) 87.5 0.39 Driver’s seat 0.38 30 (expressway) 84.1 0.3 0.34 20 Passenger front seat 0.31 (expressway) 0.29 81.8 0.28 10 Back seat Percentage of seatbelt us (expressway) 80 0.2 Mortality rate (in a vehicle 0 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 199 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Source: White Paper on Traffic Safety in Japan 2010 Source: Traffic Statistics 2009 (Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis) Fig. 6 Changes in incidence of bicycle accidents Fig. 7 Changes in traffic fatalities worldwide, by country involving pedestrians (per 100,000 inhabitants) ■ Accidents involving bicyclists and pedestrians are rapidly increasing. ੱ 㪊㪌 㪌㪅㪇㪇 Number of bicyclist-pedestrian accidents 㪊㪇㪅㪇 Number of accidents between bicycles 㪋㪅㪊㪎 㪋㪅㪌㪈 South Korea 㪋㪅㪌㪇 㪉㪏㪅㪇 㪊㪇 Percentage of bicycle accidents among all traffic accidents 㪋㪅㪇㪎 㪋㪅㪇㪇 㪉㪍㪅㪇 㪊㪅㪐㪋 Germany 㪊㪅㪌㪇 㪊㪅㪌㪋 㪉㪋㪅㪇 㪉㪌 France 㪊㪅㪇㪎 㪉㪅㪏㪐 Italy 㪊㪅㪇㪇 㪉㪅㪏㪌 㪉㪉㪅㪇 France 㪉㪇㪅㪌 㪉㪇 Netherlands 㪉㪅㪌㪇 㪉㪇㪅㪇 U.S.A. Italy 㪈㪏㪅㪉 㪈㪏㪅㪎 㪈㪏㪅㪌 㪈㪐㪅㪇 U.K. 㪈㪏㪅㪈 㪈㪎㪅㪏 㪈㪐㪅㪉 㪈㪐㪅㪎 㪈㪐㪅㪎 㪈㪐㪅㪍 㪉㪅㪇㪇 㪈㪏㪅㪇 㪈㪌 U.S.A. 㪈㪅㪌㪇 㪈㪅㪉㪎 㪈㪍㪅㪇 South Korea 㪈㪅㪇㪋 㪈㪅㪉㪈 Japan 㪈㪅㪇㪇 㪈㪅㪉㪍 㪈㪅㪉㪐 㪈㪅㪊㪊 㪈㪅㪊㪇 㪈㪇 㪈㪅㪇㪇 㪈㪅㪇㪐 㪈㪅㪉㪊 㪈㪅㪉㪋 㪈㪅㪉㪊 㪈㪋㪅㪇 㪈㪅㪇㪇 㪈㪅㪇㪈 㪇㪅㪌㪇 㪈㪉㪅㪇 㪌 㪇㪅㪇㪇 㪈㪇㪅㪇 U.K. Netherlands Japan Germany 㪇 㪈㪐㪐㪐 㪉㪇㪇㪈 㪉㪇㪇㪉 㪉㪇㪇㪊 㪉㪇㪇㪌 㪈㪐㪐㪎 㪈㪐㪐㪏 㪉㪇㪇㪇 㪉㪇㪇㪋 㪉㪇㪇㪎 㪉㪇㪇㪍 㪈㪐㪐㪇 㪈㪐㪐㪈 㪈㪐㪐㪉 㪈㪐㪐㪊 㪈㪐㪐㪋 㪈㪐㪐㪐 㪉㪇㪇㪇 㪉㪇㪇㪈 㪉㪇㪇㪉 㪉㪇㪇㪊 㪉㪇㪇㪏 㪈㪐㪎㪇 㪈㪐㪏㪇 㪈㪐㪐㪌 㪈㪐㪐㪍 㪈㪐㪐㪎 㪈㪐㪐㪏 㪉㪇㪇㪋 㪉㪇㪇㪌 㪉㪇㪇㪍 㪉㪇㪇㪎 Source: White Paper on Traffic Safety in Japan 2008 Source: Traffic Statistics 2009 (Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis) Table 2 Traffic fatalities worldwide, by situation (2008) Table 3 Number of traffic fatalities worldwide by age group (2007) Situation Number of In a car On a On a On a While Other Age Number of 5 and 6-9 10-14 15-17 18-20 21-24 25-64 65 and Unknown Country fatalities motorcycle moped bicycle walking Country fatalities under over Germany 㪋㪃㪋㪎㪎 㪉㪃㪊㪍㪏 㪍㪌㪍 㪈㪈㪇 㪋㪌㪍 㪍㪌㪊 㪉㪊㪋 Germany 㪋㪃㪋㪎㪎 㪊㪌 㪈㪐 㪋㪏 㪈㪎㪋 㪋㪊㪍 㪋㪌㪈 㪉㪃㪉㪋㪉 㪈㪃㪇㪍㪍 㪍 㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇 㪌㪉㪅㪐 㪈㪋㪅㪎 㪉㪅㪌 㪈㪇㪅㪉 㪈㪋㪅㪍 㪌㪅㪉 㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇 㪇㪅㪏 㪇㪅㪋 㪈㪅㪈 㪊㪅㪐 㪐㪅㪎 㪈㪇㪅㪈 㪌㪇㪅㪈 㪉㪊㪅㪏 㪇㪅㪈 France 㪋㪃㪉㪎㪌 㪉㪃㪉㪇㪌 㪎㪐㪌 㪉㪐㪈 㪈㪋㪏 㪌㪋㪏 㪉㪏㪏 France 㪋㪃㪉㪎㪌 㪋㪉 㪉㪌 㪌㪏 㪈㪎㪉 㪋㪉㪋 㪌㪊㪋 㪉㪃㪉㪇㪐 㪏㪈㪈 㪇 㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇 㪌㪈㪅㪍 㪈㪏㪅㪍 㪍㪅㪏 㪊㪅㪌 㪈㪉㪅㪏 㪍㪅㪎 㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇 㪈㪅㪇 㪇㪅㪍 㪈㪅㪋 㪋㪅㪇 㪐㪅㪐 㪈㪉㪅㪌 㪌㪈㪅㪎 㪈㪐㪅㪇 㪇㪅㪇 Netherlands 㪍㪎㪎 㪊㪊㪇 㪍㪎 㪋㪊 㪈㪋㪌 㪌㪍 㪊㪍 Netherlands 㪍㪎㪎 㪍 㪉 㪈㪌 㪊㪉 㪋㪎 㪍㪇 㪊㪋㪈 㪈㪎㪋 㪇 㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇 㪋㪏㪅㪎 㪐㪅㪐 㪍㪅㪋 㪉㪈㪅㪋 㪏㪅㪊 㪌㪅㪊 㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇 㪇㪅㪐 㪇㪅㪊 㪉㪅㪉 㪋㪅㪎 㪍㪅㪐 㪏㪅㪐 㪌㪇㪅㪋 㪉㪌㪅㪎 㪇㪅㪇 U.K. 㪉㪃㪍㪋㪌 㪈㪃㪊㪉㪊 㪋㪏㪏 㪉㪈 㪈㪈㪎 㪌㪐㪈 㪈㪇㪌 U.K. 㪉㪃㪍㪋㪌 㪊㪇 㪉㪊 㪌㪎 㪈㪍㪇 㪉㪎㪉 㪉㪎㪇 㪈㪃㪊㪊㪊 㪋㪐㪐㪅㪇 㪈 㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇 㪌㪇㪅㪇 㪈㪏㪅㪋 㪇㪅㪏 㪋㪅㪋 㪉㪉㪅㪊 㪋㪅㪇 㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇 㪈㪅㪈 㪇㪅㪐 㪉㪅㪉 㪍㪅㪇 㪈㪇㪅㪊 㪈㪇㪅㪉 㪌㪇㪅㪋 㪈㪏㪅㪐 㪇㪅㪇 U.S.A. 㪊㪎㪃㪉㪍㪈 㪈㪋㪃㪌㪏㪎 㪌㪃㪉㪇㪇 㪐㪇 㪎㪈㪍 㪋㪃㪊㪎㪏 㪈㪉㪃㪉㪎㪐 U.S.A. 㪊㪎㪃㪉㪍㪈 㪋㪐㪎 㪊㪈㪇 㪌㪋㪇 㪈㪃㪌㪐㪍 㪊㪃㪈㪏㪎 㪊㪃㪐㪋㪇 㪉㪈㪃㪌㪎㪐 㪌㪃㪌㪊㪊 㪎㪐 㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇 㪊㪐㪅㪈 㪈㪋㪅㪇 㪇㪅㪉 㪈㪅㪐 㪈㪈㪅㪎 㪊㪊㪅㪇 㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇 㪈㪅㪊 㪇㪅㪏 㪈㪅㪋 㪋㪅㪊 㪏㪅㪍 㪈㪇㪅㪍 㪌㪎㪅㪐 㪈㪋㪅㪏 㪇㪅㪉 South Korea 㪌㪃㪏㪎㪇 㪈㪃㪊㪋㪉 㪎㪋㪇 㪋㪐㪇 㪊㪈㪇 㪉㪃㪈㪊㪎 㪏㪌㪈 South Korea 㪌㪃㪏㪎㪇 㪍㪐 㪌㪍 㪍㪍 㪈㪏㪐 㪈㪈㪍 㪊㪈㪐 㪊㪃㪋㪊㪍 㪈㪃㪍㪈㪌 㪋 㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇 㪉㪉㪅㪐 㪈㪉㪅㪍 㪏㪅㪊 㪌㪅㪊 㪊㪍㪅㪋 㪈㪋㪅㪌 㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇 㪈㪅㪉 㪈㪅㪇 㪈㪅㪈 㪊㪅㪉 㪉㪅㪇 㪌㪅㪋 㪌㪏㪅㪌 㪉㪎㪅㪌 㪇㪅㪈 Japan 㪍㪃㪇㪉㪊 㪈㪃㪉㪍㪐 㪍㪊㪎 㪌㪉㪍 㪐㪎㪈 㪈㪃㪐㪎㪍 㪍㪋㪋 Japan 㪍㪃㪇㪉㪊 㪌㪌 㪋㪌 㪋㪌 㪈㪊㪋 㪉㪎㪋 㪉㪋㪎 㪉㪃㪉㪎㪊 㪉㪃㪐㪌㪇 㪇 㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇 㪉㪈㪅㪈 㪈㪇㪅㪍 㪏㪅㪎 㪈㪍㪅㪈 㪊㪉㪅㪏 㪈㪇㪅㪎 㪈㪇㪇㪅㪇 㪇㪅㪐 㪇㪅㪎 㪇㪅㪎 㪉㪅㪉 㪋㪅㪌 㪋㪅㪈 㪊㪎㪅㪎 㪋㪐㪅㪇 㪇㪅㪇 Upper figure: number of fatalities; Lower figure: percentage of total (%) Upper figure: number of fatalities; Lower figure: percentage of total (%) For countries that used the coefficient to convert the number of fatalities For countries that used the coefficient to convert the number of fatalities into a 30-day figure, the total may not represent the sum of each figure. into a 30-day figure, the total may not represent the sum of each figure. Source: Traffic Statistics 2009 (Institute for Traffic Accident Research Source: Traffic Statistics 2009 (Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis) and Data Analysis) 25 2. Efforts to Assure Safe and Comfortable Mobility Motor Vehicle Insurance in Professor, College of Law, Nihon University Yasuo Fukuda 2-2 Japan A noteworthy characteristic of motor vehicle insurance in Japan is its two-tiered structure. The first tier is the compulsory liability insurance program in which all motor vehicles are required by law to be enrolled; The second is a voluntary program in which the motor vehicle owner may or may not choose to enroll. The compulsory liability insurance is tied to the automobile inspection program, and almost 100% of motor vehicles are found to be enrolled in it.