CreatingCreating andand ManagingManaging MarineMarine PProtectedrotected AreasAreas inin thethe PhilippinesPhilippines White Aliño Meneses Fisheries Improved for Sustainable Harvest Project Implemented by the Government of the Philippines Supported by the United States Agency for International Development Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation, Inc. Supported by the Pew Fellows Program for Marine Conservation of the Pew Charitable Trusts University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute Cebu City, Philippines 2006 Creating and Managing Marine Protected Areas in the Philippines Alan T. White Porfirio M. Aliño Anna Blesilda T. Meneses 2006 Printed in Cebu City, Philippines Alan T. White, Ph.D.: Advisor, Fisheries Improved for Sustainable Harvest (FISH) Project of Tetra Tech EM Inc. and President of the Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation, Inc., Cebu City. Porfirio M. Aliño, Ph.D.: Professor in Marine Science, Marine Science Institute of the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City. Anna Blesilda T. Meneses, M.S.: Coordinator of the Marine Protected Area Project of the Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation, Inc., Cebu City. Citation: White, A.T., P.M. Aliño and A.T. Meneses. 2006. Creating and managing marine protected areas in the Philippines. Fisheries Improved for Sustainable Harvest Project, Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation, Inc. and University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute, Cebu City, Philippines. 83 p. This publication was made possible through support provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under the terms and conditions of Contract No. AID-492-C-00-03-00022-00, USAID/ Philippines Environment Governance 2 Project under Contract No. AID-492-C-00-04-00037-00 and the support provided by the Pew Fellows Program for Marine Conservation of the Pew Charitable Trusts. The views expressed and opinions contained in this publication are those of the authors and are not intended as statement of policy of USAID or the authors’ parent organization. This publication may be reproduced or quoted in other publications as long as proper reference is made to the source. Copy editing: Marie Sol M. Sadorra Layout and graphics: Ysolde Collantes-Jatulan Front and back cover illustrations: Amiel Rufo Cover photos: (L-R): CRMP file photo, Homer de Dios and Al Linsangan FISH Document No. 19-FISH/2005 List of Tables and Figures iv Acronyms and Abbreviations vi Acknowledgments vii contents Preface viii chapter 1 Why Use Marine Protected Areas for Managing Coastal and Marine Habitats and Fisheries? 1 chapter 2 Integrated Coastal Management and Marine Habitat Protection 6 chapter 3 Is It a Marine Protected Area, Park, Reserve, or Sanctuary? 10 chapter 4 Legal and Jurisdictional Concerns for Marine Protected Areas 13 chapter 5 Planning and Establishing a Marine Protected Area 17 Phase 1. Issue identification and baseline assessment 17 Phase 2. Plan preparation and adoption 22 Phase 3. Action plan and project implementation 30 Phase 4. Monitoring and evaluation 42 Phase 5. Information management, education, and outreach 48 chapter 6 Creating Networks of Marine Protected Areas 49 What is an ecological MPA network? 50 Biophysical and ecological advantages of an MPA network 50 Broad basis for ecological MPA networks 51 MPA network design 53 Social, information, and administrative networks 55 Field approach and process 56 Creating MPA networks that are sustainable 58 MPA networks—final key points 58 chapter 7 The Challenge of Sustainability 59 Bibliography 61 Appendices 1 Marine Protected Area Report Guide 66 2 Marine Protected Area Training Manual (in CD) 81 3 Networks Supporting Marine Protected Areas in the Philippines 82 iii Tables 1 Useful publications on MPA management in the Philippines. 9 2 Examples of national and local categories for protected areas. 10 3 The National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS). 13 4 Important national MPAs in the Philippines declared under NIPAS. 14 5 Fisheries Code of 1998. 15 6 Phases and activities for MPA establishment and management within local government jurisdictions. 18 7 Key chapters in a coastal environmental profile. 20 8 Sample outline of a site management plan. 23 9 Factors to consider when establishing reserve boundaries. 25 10 Compatible and restricted activities within potential management/use zones for different types of MPA. 30 11 Summary of ordinances that have served the Apo Island Marine Reserve, 1986 and 1999. 38 12 User fee system for the Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park. 41 13 MPA rating system for municipal/city MPAs. 43 14 Selected coastal and marine related networks and primary concerns. 55 list of tables & figures Figures 1 Exchange of mutual benefits among mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef ecosystems. 2 2 Sumilon Island, Cebu: Coral reef and reserve (circa 1984). 3 3 Change in fish yield reported for Sumilon and Apo Islands from 1976 through 1986, reflecting the effects of different management regimes. 4 4 Increase in the biomass of large predators inside and adjacent to the Apo Island reserve over 20 years. 4 5 Dispersal of fish and larvae from the sanctuary of a marine reserve enhances reproduction and recruitment outside. 4 6 Estimates of biomass of surgeonfish and jackfish at Apo Island, Philippines. 5 7 Cyclical ICM data collection, planning, implementation, and monitoring process. 6 8 Tools to manage MPAs in the context of ICM. 7 9 Municipal or city management area with various CRM interventions including MPAs. 8 10 Marine reserve boundaries and zones, survey locations and political subdivisions on San Salvador Island, Masinloc, Zambales. 12 iv 11 MPAs documented in the Marine Protected Coast, Reef and Management Database. 16 12 PCRA exercise to refine maps. 21 13 Example of reserve system with core sanctuary and “traditional use” buffer areas applied to small islands. 26 14 The “box and border” model where a sanctuary is established along the coastline and a buffer zone of a certain width is created around its perimeter to form the “reserve area”. 26 15 The “multiple use marine reserve model” where a section of the marine area is a sanctuary and the remaining areas form a reserve with various zones for different activities. 27 16 Olango Island, Cebu: An example of zoning for multiple uses. 28 17 Nonactive gear generally permitted to operate in municipal waters (but not within most marine reserves) provided they are not damaging to habitats under local circumstances. 31 18 Common fishing gear (nationally or locally) in the Philippines and the potential damage caused by the gear. 33 19 Components of a permanent mooring buoy. 34 20 Amount and allocation of user fees collected from divers and snorkelers visiting the Gilutongan Marine Sanctuary, Cordova, Cebu. 37 21 Balicasag Island, Bohol Sanctuary and coral reef with monitoring locations. 46 22 Comparison of mean percent living and dead substrate cover and fish density for Balicasag Island, 1984, 1992, 1999, and 2003. 47 23 Cyclical MPA planning and implementation process. 48 24 Biogeographic areas important for marine conservation planning based on geomorphology, basins, bathymetry, and major water circulation patterns. 51 25 Primary marine corridors of the Philippines. 52 26 Requirements for an effective MPA network, Cebu Strait and surrounding areas. 54 27 MPAs established in the Danajon Bank are beginning to form a network and are supported by their respective municipal CRM programs. 57 v CO community organizer CRM coastal resource management DA-BFAR Department of Agriculture - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources FARMC Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council GMPS general management planning strategy acronyms & acronyms ICM integrated coastal management abbreviations IEC information, education, and communication LGU local government unit M/CFARMC Municipal/City Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council MPA marine protected area NGO nongovernment organization NIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas System OIWS Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary PAMB Protected Area Management Board PCRA participatory coastal resource assessment PO people’s organization SMC Sanctuary Management Committee SPAGS spawning aggregations vi This book reflects the effort of many individuals and institutions that over the last 15 years have contributed to the development and management of marine protected areas in the Philippines. It builds on the foundation provided by the publication in 2001: “Managing Coastal Habitats and Marine Protected Areas” published by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR), the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) and the Coastal Resource Management Project (CRMP) supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), authored by A. White, S. Nakashima and M. Gleason. This current edition incorporates lessons and tools regarding marine protected area management that have been learned through the joint efforts of the Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation, Inc. (CCEF), the University of the Philippines-Marine Science Institute (UP-MSI) and the Fisheries Improved for Sustainable Harvest (FISH) Project together with many other partners. Individuals and their institutions that deserve special mention for contributing to this book include: Angel Alcala, Ph.D., Director, Silliman University Angelo King