THE PRINCETON JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES VOLUME VI SPRING 2014 PRINCETON JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Charlie Fortin ’15 Ryan T. Kang ’14 COPY EDITING TEAM LAYOUT TEAM FINANCE & OPERATIONS TEAM ASSOCIATE EDITOR LAYOUT MANAGER FINANCE MANAGER Jee Eun (Jean) Lee ’15 Jiweon Kim ’15 Sam Wu ’16 EDITORS EDITORS STAFF Isao Anzai ’17 Vivian Chen ’17 Vivian Chen ’17 Daway Chou-Ren ’16 Jenny Nan Jiang ’16 William Lee ’16 Mary Gilstad ’15 Brian Kim ’16 Kevin Liaw ’15 Hannah Hirsh ’16 Jessica McLemore ’15 Nancy Song ’17 Christopher Yu ’17 Sam Wu ’16 ! IT TEAM SOCIAL MEDIA TEAM IT MANAGER SOCIAL MEDIA MANAGER Pavel Shibayev ’15 Ben Chang ’14 STAFF STAFF Patrick Ding ’15 Samuel Chang ’16 Jenny Nan Jiang ’16 Greg Siano ’15 CHINA EDITORIAL TEAM JAPAN EDITORIAL TEAM KOREA EDITORIAL TEAM ASSOCIATE EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR Kevin Liaw ’15 Evan Kratzer ’16 Jee Eun (Jean) Lee ’15 GRADUATE EDITOR GRADUATE EDITOR EDITORS Elijah Greenstein ’G2 David Boyd ’G2 Jisoo Han ’14 Alan Hatfield ’15 EDITORS EDITORS Minji Kim ’16 Ben Chang ’14 Adrienne Fung ’14 Jess Lee ’16 Gavin Cook ’15 Morgan Jerkins ’14 Yoolim Lee ’17 Sharon Deng ’17 Chris Edwards van Mujien ’15 Nicholas Pang ’15 Alicia Li ’16 Arjun Naidu ’15 Jay Park ’16 Rebecca Haynes ’15 Buyan Pan ’15 Catherine Hochman ’16 ! Hunter Rex ’16 Emily Tu ’16 Cameron White ’14! FACULTY ADVISOR Professor Amy Borovoy TABLE OF CONTENTS ! ! 1. WINNING THE SOUTH, LOSING THE PENINSULA: A STUDY OF THE U.S. COUNTERINSURGENCY EXPERIENCE IN SOUTHERN KOREA, 1945-1948 | DOORI SONG | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 1 2. REGIME STABILITY OR MINERAL WEALTH? CHINA’S INTEREST IN TRADE WITH NORTH KOREA| ANNIE MEYJES | HARVARD UNIVERSITY 20 3. K-FILMS, K-DRAMAS, K-POP, NEXT UP... K-VARIETY? KOREAN VARIETY – THE NEW ADDITION TO THE HALLYU WAVE | HUI MIN LEE | NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 46 4. TWO KINGDOMS UNDER GOD: CAESAR AND CHRIST IN THE JERUSALEM OF THE EAST | BRIAN JIHYUK KIM | PRINCETON UNIVERSITY 59 5. POWER OF PLACE AND PLACE OF POWER: SEIGNIOR SHANG KEXI’S TEMPLE-BUILDING CAREER IN GUANGDONG IN THE EARLY QING | MENGXIAO WANG | YALE UNIVERSITY 78 6. EXPANDING POPULATIONS: THE AMERICAN MULTIPLICATION TABLE IN THE CHINESE CONTEXT| RYAN MIKKELSEN | WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS 96 7. BLESSED ARE THEY WHO ARE OPEN-MINDED: AN ANALYSIS OF THE BEATITUDES IN THE “UNION” EDITION OF THE CHINESE BIBLE| GINA ELIA | UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 109 8. “KOREAN WAVE” IN TAIPEI: THE CONSTRUCTION OF BEAUTIFUL WOMEN | XINYAN PENG | UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA 123 9. CHINA’S GLOBAL ANIMATION AMBITIONS: CULTURAL FLOWS AND SOFT POWER IN EAST ASIA | RICK MARSHALL | ROYAL ROADS UNIVERSITY 146 10. SPECIAL FEATURE: INTERVIEW WITH HARVARD SOCIOLOGIST EZRA VOGEL ON CONTEMPORARY ASIA | ALAN HATFIELD | PRINCETON UNIVERSITY 178 WINNING THE SOUTH, LOSING THE PENINSULA A Study of the US Counterinsurgency Experience in Southern Korea, 1945-1948 Doori Song Columbia University ABSTRACT disbandment on August 15, 1948, the United States Army Military Government The US occupation of South Korea was in Korea (USAMGIK) was constantly not without difficulty. From the time of challenged. American authorities had not its establishment on September 8, 1945 to anticipated major resistance movements in the time of its disbandment on August 15, Korea because the peninsula was liberated 1948, the United States Army Military from Japanese colonial rule on August 15, Government in Korea (USAMGIK) was 1945. They had also not expected that the constantly challenged by an insurgency. majority of Koreans would sympathize Because they helped to liberate Koreans with the resistors, who called for the from Japanese colonial rule, Americans establishment of a left-leaning mode of did not anticipate major resistance state governance. It was indeed not movements in Korea. They also did not uncommon to see civilians condone or expect that the majority of Koreans would even participate in uprisings opposing sympathize with the resistors, who called USAMGIK policies. How, then, did US for a left- leaning mode of state authorities deal with these resistance governance. Because of America’s Cold movements?” Because of the United War agenda, the USAMGIK had little States’ Cold War agenda, which required choice but to subdue those opposing its occupation forces to contain the spread democratization in southern Korea. of communism, the USAMGIK had to By instituting various counterinsurgency subdue any opposition movement that mechanisms such as policing operations, sought to thwart the building of a education programs, and trust-building sustainable democracy and capitalist measures while enlisting the support of economy in southern Korea. By Korean elites, the US ensured that its instituting various counterinsurgency objectives in Korea were met. In the end, mechanisms such as policing operations, the USAMGIK suppressed the insurgents education programs, and trust-building and established the first nationally elected measures while enlisting the support of South Korean government on August 15, Korean elites, the USAMGIK devised a 1948. The success of the overall campaign to ensure that its objectives campaign, however, turned out to be only were met. In the end, the USAMGIK temporary— victory came at the expense managed to suppress the insurgents and of creating a more volatile and deep- help establish the first nationally-elected rooted conflict. South Korean government on August 15, 1948. INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW AND THE COUNTERINSURGENCY From the time of its establishment on PERSPECTIVE September 8, 1945 to the time of its Princeton Journal of East Asian Studies! 1! This paper aims to provide a critical immobile and homogenous.iv The works examination of the USAMGIK of Cumings and others reveal that the counterinsurgency experience in South motives of the Korean insurgents were Korea. Although many studies have been not entirely inspired by communist conducted on various cases of insurgency interests but by desires to purge all and counterinsurgency, there is a limited vestiges of the former Japanese colonial- amount of research for South Korean state.v The insurgents’ main concerns were cases. The number of existing works is to nationalize industries, reform land- low and several of them are partial to a holdings, reduce rice collection quotas, specific ideological orientation. The and exile colonial-state collaborators. nation-state histories of the US and They ultimately opposed the USAMGIK Republic of Korea (ROK), for example, because its policies intended to revive are noteworthy for their ideologically several institutions from a prior colonial aligned interpretations. According to these era. Allowing the USAMGIK to rule is views, the overall counterinsurgency ultimately regarded as a failure by experience is seen as nothing more than a insurgents, not because they were unable “victory” in one of their many allied fights to communize the Korean peninsula, but against communism. i The insurgents are because they failed to expel the colonial- invariably classified as communist state vestiges that they vehemently agitators and given little mention of their abhorred. vi Other revisionist accounts motives or interests. Although these views have also helped to expand existing views align with the capitalist interests of both by revealing how some of the insurgents the US and South Korea, these statist protested simply to protect their supplies interpretations risk misrecognizing aspects of rice or to conserve Korean traditions.vii of history.ii This is especially the case with This paper also approaches the the interpretations that deal with an USAMGIK experience from a revisionist ideologically antithetical “Other.” iii angle. It employs a mode of analysis that Notwithstanding slight modifications, the has recently risen in significance in the nation-state views of the US and ROK field of security studies: the have been resistant to change because counterinsurgency perspective. Although elements of the Cold War still exist in the there are revisionist accounts that address Korean peninsula. the subject of USAMGIK Revisionist accounts of the counterinsurgency, none of them USAMGIK experience began to appear systematically analyze the topic from along with the progressive social recent theoretical perspectives. The movements of the 1970s and 1980s. Bruce breakthroughs in this method of analysis Cumings’ two-volume book, The Origins of are largely the product of innovative new the Korean War, deserves special mention studies conducted in the post-Cold War for its exhaustive coverage of era. viii The cumulative contributions and developments in Korea before the Korean interplay of these works, predominantly War (1950-1953). In contrast to the by political scientists and military analysts, nation-state perspectives of the US and have led to a more systematic ROK governments, Cumings recounts the understanding of cases of insurgency and USAMGIK experience from a critical counterinsurgency. The aim of this paper point of view. He aims to produce a is to historicize the USAMGIK “counter-history,” in a Foucauldian sense, counterinsurgency experience through the by introducing dynamism and diversity framework of the counterinsurgency into what was previously considered perspective. Based on data collected from Princeton Journal of East Asian Studies! 2! declassified USAMGIK documents, and counterinsurgent forces. xi The Korean newspapers, and propaganda counterinsurgents possess much greater manuscripts, this paper argues that in the power from their control of law-enforcing