INDEX1 A Andreev Bay, 138 Abortion, 106, 314, 320, 321, 323 Andreev, Evgeny, 257, 267n1, Accountability, 24, 98, 102, 246, 271, 330n1 274, 305, 343, 347, 349–351, Annexation, 124, 157, 250 360, 390, 391 See also Crimea Acemoglu, Daron, 44, 55n3 Anomie, 5, 77 Administrative reform, see Reforms Anti-corruption, see Corruption Aeroflot (Russian Airlines), 388 Antimony, 135 Agency for Social Information, 114 Arab Spring, 92 Agriculture, vii, 20, 27, 157, 158, Arctic, 6, 52, 135–144 175, 207, 241–255, 272 See also High North Air transport, 197 Arctic Council, 137, 141, 142 See also Transportation Arctic Group of Forces, 141–142 Alcoholism, 138 Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation Alexander III (tsar), 259 (AZRF), 135–138, 140–142, Algeria, 196 143n6 Algorithmic governance, 2–4 Argumentative governance, 2, 3, 11 All-Russian Congress of Judges, 357 Arkhangelsk, 114, 137, 212 See also Judicial system Armaments/Arms, see Weapons All-Russia State Television and Armenia, 148, 163, 260, 262, 264, Radiobroadcasting Company 268n4 (VGTRK), 99, 100 Arms control, see Weapons Almazy Rossii-Sakha (Alrosa), 211 Asia, 2, 6, 10, 13, 22, 33, 132, 137, Amur (oblast), 146, 197 146–148, 151, 264, 265, 277 1 Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to notes © The Author(s) 2018 393 I. Studin (ed.), Russia, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56671-3 394 INDEX Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Best available techniques (BAT), 275, (AIIB), 10 276, 278 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Bipolar, see Multipolar (APEC), 375 Birth rate, 321, 324 Astrakhan (khanate), 146 Black market, 50, 67, 253 Atheism, 105 Black Sea, 146 Australia, 2, 9, 157, 196, 200, 202 Bologna Process, 226 Authoritarianism, 6, 39 Bolsheviks, 254, 261, 309, 310, 320 Autocracy, 96 Borders, vii, x, 6, 8–10, 27, 39, 40, Autonomous okrugs, 64n1, 95, 139, 125, 126, 142, 146–148, 157, 212, 355, 356, 369, 370 165, 255, 259, 260, 263, 264, Autonomy, 37, 57–59, 64n1, 170, 324, 334 226, 234, 254, 311, 312, 323, Brezhnev, Leonid, 260, 297, 306n3, 329, 354–356 327 Avars (people), 65, 73n1 BRIC/BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, Azerbaijan, xi, 262 China, South Africa), 10, 32, 150, 197 See also BRICS Bank B BRICS Bank, 10 Baby bonuses, 329 See also BRIC/BRICS (Brazil, Russia, Baikal-Amur Mainline, 197 India, China, South Africa) Balkans, 124 Buddhism, 105, 110, 311 Baltic Sea, 146 Budget, 10, 28, 48, 116, 143, 159, Baltic states/republics, 124 170–180, 202, 203, 205–208, Bank of Russia, see Central bank 221, 224, 226, 233, 245, 254, Banks, 27, 49, 159–161, 169, 171, 274, 283, 291, 296, 298, 309, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, 245, 314, 336, 337, 338n4, 344, 345, 246, 383, 384, 388 347, 349, 355, 363, 368, Barents Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC), 370–378, 380 137, 141 See also Reforms; Results-based Barents hot spot facility, 137 budgeting Barents Sea, 135 Budget Code, 172 Barroso, José Manuel, 248 Budget rule, 179, 180 Base metals, 161 Bukharin, Nikolai, 36 Bashkiria, see Bashkortostan Bulgaria, 109, 125, 336 Bashkortostan (Bashkiria), 95 Bureaucracy, 36, 60, 76, 141, 192, Belarus, 109, 124, 148, 163, 248, 246, 251, 264, 309, 312, 264, 268n4 341–352, 385 Belavezha (Accords), 124 Business capture, 19 Belgium, 196 Business cycle, 179 Berlin Wall, 54, 125 Butov, Vladimir, 212 Bessonov, Vladimir, 93 Byzantium, 145 INDEX 395 C Civil society, 3, 12, 100, 101, Cadastre, 255 113–119, 141, 214, 317, 343, California, 202 344, 349, 354, 361, 362 Canada, xi, 51, 140, 157, 196, 250 Civil war, 59, 360 Capitalism, 49, 50, 53, 242 Climate change, 136, 142, 275–278 Carbon, 278 Coal, 206, 209–211, 349 Catholicism, 105 Coal mining, see Coal Caucasus, 12, 63, 65–73, 146, 314, Cobalt, 135 315, 317n6, 333 Coefficient of relatedness, 80, 83 Census, 73n1, 259 Cold War, 33, 128–132, 151, 296 Central bank, 169, 171, 173, 174, Collapse (of Russia), 126 177, 179 Coloured revolution, 130 Central Election Commission, 88 See also Revolution Centralisation, 60, 63, 146, 369, 373 Commodities, 10, 11, 98, 158, 175, See also Decentralisation 176, 206, 266, 270, 272, 377 Centre for Economic and Financial Commonwealth of Independent States Research, 161 (CIS), 148, 162 Chaplin, Vsevolod (Archbishop), 108, Communism, 18, 147, 296 112n9 See also Communist Party Charity, 114, 115 Communist Party, 93, 218, 309, 310, See also Non-profit organisations 317n4, 322 Chechnya, 65, 66, 68, 72, 368, 369 See also Communism Chelyabinsk, 261 Competition/competitiveness, 24–26, Chemistry, 218 49, 51, 61, 63, 67, 91, 93–95, Childbirth, 320, 323 108, 109, 128, 138, 158, 166, China, 2, 10, 18, 21, 26, 130–132, 174, 187, 189, 192, 193, 210, 140, 150, 164, 197–200, 262, 214, 233, 238, 247, 253, 258, 278 262, 283, 284, 292, 295, 296, China National Petroleum 298–305, 342, 346, 348, 377, Corporation, 140 380, 384, 390 Christian Democratic Party (Russia), 88 Confederations Cup (football/soccer), Christianity, see Russian Orthodox 299 Church Confidence-and security-building Chromium, 135 measures (CSBMs), 142 Chubais, Anatoly, 171 Conflict, 5, 7–10, 18, 26, 31, 34, Chukotka, 139 38–40, 58, 65-71, 73, 90, 91, 96, Church, see Russian Orthodox Church 124, 126, 136, 139, 165, 192, Chuvashia, 223 211, 212, 285, 329, 346, 347, Cities of federal significance, 354, 356 356, 362, 367, 390 Civic Assistance Committee, 114 Conservatism, 31–36, 38–40, 110, Civil Code, 115, 230, 388 313, 321 Civilian Power (political party), 91 Constitution, 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 12, 57–59, Civil service, 341–346, 348, 350 63, 71, 91, 95, 109, 130, 149, 396 INDEX 209, 212, 213, 219, 262, 316, 105, 107, 109, 110, 136, 149, 317, 328, 334, 341, 354, 355, 150, 152, 153, 157, 193, 218, 360, 361, 363, 364, 367 296, 297, 304, 307–317, 327, Constitutional court, 59, 63, 334, 336–338, 352, 360 353, 354, 356, 358–360, 364 Currency, 48, 50, 93, 116, 137, 138, Construction, 20, 22, 52, 53, 63, 96, 157, 166, 170, 172–175, 177, 110, 129, 131, 137, 141, 201, 178, 180, 219, 220, 244–246, 218, 253, 254, 261, 309, 310 251, 274, 299, 332, 360, 371, Consumption, 23, 47, 48, 67, 107, 373, 376, 386, 387 108, 127, 370 Customary law, 69, 139 Copper, 135 Customs, 156, 162–165, 172, 180, Corporate governance, 389 190, 232, 291, 345, 358 Corporate tax, 171, 378 Cyber, 225 Corruption, 13, 65, 71, 72, 118, 221, Cyprus, 109 224, 226, 237, 258, 266, 267, 333, 334, 343–344, 346, 347, 356, 390 D Cossacks, 75, 78 Dagestan, 65, 66, 68, 69, 72, 73n1, Counter-intelligence, see Intelligence 314, 315 Courts, see Judicial system Dargin (people), 65, 73n1 Credit, 27, 46, 170, 172, 245, 246, Decentralisation, 3, 4, 52, 57, 59–63, 253, 272, 276, 384, 388 124, 209, 311, 312, 337, 345, Crime, 332–338 368, 377–380 See also Organised crime See also Centralisation Crimea, 9, 10, 38, 124, 125, 250, De Coubertin, Pierre, 297, 303, 372, 375, 376 306n6 See also Annexation Decree, see Presidential decree Crimean War (1853–56), 146 Defence, see Military Crime rate, 336 Democracy, 23, 45, 46, 54, 58, 62, Criminal Code, see Criminal justice 64, 130, 151 Criminal justice, vii, ix, 13, 109, Democratic Party of Russia, 91 331–338, 345 Demographics/Demography, see Criminal law, see Criminal justice Population Crisis/Crises, x, 6, 9, 17–21, 31, 37, Deng Xiaoping, 13, 198 39, 46, 48, 62, 92, 94, 99, 116, De Soto, Jesús Huerta, 382, 391n1 124, 126–133, 148, 155, 157, Destabilisation/disintegration (of 164, 165, 170, 171, 174–178, Russia), 7, 126 183–185, 189–191, 218, Devaluation (currency), see Currency 221–223, 231, 248, 251–254, Development, 4, 7, 17–27, 33–35, 37, 264, 269, 270, 278, 322, 324, 40, 41, 43–46, 48–55, 66, 67, 326, 333, 342, 368, 370, 371, 71, 72, 94, 95, 98, 100–102, 373, 374, 381, 383, 388 108, 109, 111, 115–119, 124, Culture, vii, viii, xi, 5, 24, 38, 45, 54, 127, 128, 136, 139, 140, 142, 58, 66, 72, 85, 95, 96, 100, 102, 146, 147, 149, 153, 164–166, INDEX 397 174, 176, 179, 180, 183–190, 266, 283, 284, 287–289, 295, 193, 195, 197, 198, 200–202, 296, 298, 299, 302–304, 311, 210, 213, 214, 217, 219–221, 312, 314, 315, 321, 328, 338, 224, 234, 236, 237, 239, 241, 342, 355, 378, 383 242, 244–248, 251–255, 258, Efficiency, 26, 27, 160, 172, 173, 186, 259, 261, 265, 267, 270–276, 207, 213, 222, 233, 234, 237, 278, 281–284, 288–292, 238, 242, 271–274, 276–278, 296–299, 302, 304, 308, 309, 285, 292, 343, 344, 382, 383, 311, 312, 320, 321, 323, 324, 385–387, 389, 390 326–328, 338, 343, 344, 347, Ekaterinburg, 93, 313 364, 368–371, 374–378, Elections, 47, 61–63, 72, 78, 87–95, 380–383, 385–387, 389, 390 171, 176, 220, 245, 362, 377, 379 Diamonds, 135, 205, 211, 213 Electronic-Russia (e-Russia), 186 Diaspora, 109, 287 Elites, 1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 31, 34, 36, 37, Dirigisme, 381 41, 51, 54, 59–61, 71, 72, 84, Disintegration (of USSR), 18, 125, 85, 123, 128, 131, 145, 150, 129, 218, 282 151, 153, 185, 190, 191, 227, See also Destabilisation/ 247, 295–298, 300–305, 311, disintegration (of Russia) 316, 324, 325, 331, 334, 335, Diversification, 158–159, 166, 183, 337, 367, 370 184, 263, 265 Emergency (also National emergency), Division of powers, see Federalism 12, 13, 126–133, 231, 238, 242, Divorce, 124, 203, 320, 321, 323 332 Dneprov, Edward, 219 Emigration, see Migration Doctrine, 6, 40, 106, 136, 140, 143, Employment, see Unemployment 152, 153, 246, 247, 277, 309 Energy (also Energy Strategy), x, 10, Donbass, 8–10, 114 23, 59, 61, 116, 130, 136, 148, Downside Up (non-profit 150, 158, 165, 172, 205–215, organisation), 114 266, 270, 272–274, 276, 277, Dugin, Alexander, 34 279n13, 289, 292, 382, 387 Engel coefficient, 195–197, 200, 201, 204n3 E Entrepreneurs/Entrepreneurship, 11, Eastern Europe, 18, 147, 174, 277, 26, 37, 67, 78, 80–84, 108, 192, 322, 343 278 Economic