Groundwater surface water interaction in GDE Deliverable D4.2 Partner: University of Oulu B. Kløve, P. Ala-aho, G. Bertrand, A. Erturk, A. Gemitzi, E. Gönec A. Moszczynska, M. Mileusnic H. Kupfersberger, J. Kværner, , A. Lundberg, S. Peña Haro, P. Rossi, D. Siergieiev, P. Wachniew, A. Wolak Deliverable summary Project title Acronym Contract GENESIS 226536 number Date due Month 28 in GENESIS Final version submitted to EC Month 32 in GENESIS Complete references Groundwater surface water interaction in GDE: GENSIS project deliverable 4.2 Contact person Björn Klöve Contact information [email protected] Authors and their affiliation University of Oulu (UOULU) Project homepage www.thegenesisproject.eu Confidentiality Key words Groundwater, ecosystems, hydrology, groundwater-surface-water interaction, conceptual and numerical models. Summary (publishable) for This report reviews and discussed the interaction of groundwater policy uptake in GDEs. The report presents and integrates past and new results. Different methods used to measure groundwater interaction with ecosystems are presented. Various GENESIS case studies across Europe to demonstrate the variable and complex role of groundwater in GDEs. The basis for developing conceptual for GDEs is presented. Various methods to model GDEs are discussed. List of GENESIS partners Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Bioforsk Norway Research (CO) University of Oulu UOULU Finland Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH JR Austria Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich ETH Switzerland Luleå University of Technology LUT Sweden University of Bucharest UB Romania GIS-Geoindustry, s.r.o. GIS Czech Republic French National institute for Agricultural research INRA France Alterra - Wageningen University and Research Centre Alterra The Netherlands Helmholtz München Gesundheit Umwelt HMGU Germany Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology EAWAG Switzerland University of Science and Technology AGH Poland Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore UCSC Italy Integrated Global Ecosystem Management Research and IGEM Turkey Consulting Co. Technical University of Valencia UPVLC Spain Democritus University of Thrace DUTh Greece Cracow University of Technology CUT Poland University of Neuchâtel UNINE Switzerland Athens University of Economics and Business- Research Centre AUEB-RC Greece University of Dundee UNIVDUN United Kingdom University of Zagreb - Faculty of Mining, Geology and UNIZG-RGNF Croatia Petroleum Engineering Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Germany Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute SMHI Sweden University of Bologna UBOLOGNA Italy University of Kiel UKIEL Germany Table of contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Groundwater in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems ..................................................................... 7 1.2 Water Framework and Groundwater Directive ............................................................................ 9 1.3 Presentation of GENESIS studies ................................................................................................... 9 2. Measurement approaches to detect groundwater in GDE ............................................................... 12 2.1 Hydrogeological measurements in GDEs .................................................................................... 12 2.2 Temperature and EC as indicators of groundwater .................................................................... 14 2.3 Geochemistry as indicator of groundwater ................................................................................ 16 2.4 Isotopes as indicators of groundwater ........................................................................................ 18 2.5 Tracer tests .................................................................................................................................. 21 2.6 Mapping of recharge and discharge points ................................................................................. 22 3. Results from GENESIS main GDE study sites ..................................................................................... 23 3.1 Esker aquifer lake interaction, Rokua Finland ............................................................................. 23 3.1.1 Hydrogeology, site description and methods ...................................................................... 23 3.1.2 Major outcome from the study ............................................................................................ 25 3.1.3 Conceptual models for surface water – groundwater interaction ....................................... 26 3.2 Lule river hyporheic zone interaction, Sweden ........................................................................... 29 3.2.1 Hydrogeology, site description and methods ...................................................................... 29 3.2.2 Major outcome from the study ............................................................................................ 33 3.3 Riperian zone interaction, Switzerland ....................................................................................... 34 3.3.1 Hydrogeology, site description and methods ...................................................................... 34 3.3.2 Major outcome from the study ............................................................................................ 35 3.3.3 Conceptual models for surface water – groundwater interaction ....................................... 36 3.4 Dalyan Mediterranean Lagoon, Turkey ....................................................................................... 42 3.4.1 Site Description and Hydrology ............................................................................................ 42 3.4.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 45 3.4.3 Major outcome from the study ............................................................................................ 50 3.4.4 Conceptual models for surface water – groundwater interaction ....................................... 51 3.5 River lake lagoon interaction, Greece ......................................................................................... 53 3.5.1 Hydrogeology, site description and methods ...................................................................... 53 3.5.2 Major outcome from the study ............................................................................................ 54 3.5.3 Conceptual models for surface water – groundwater interaction ....................................... 55 3.6 Bogucice Sands - Niepolomice Forest, Poland ............................................................................ 59 3.6.1. Site description, hydrogeology and water use .................................................................... 59 3.7 Częstochowa aquifer interaction, Poland ................................................................................... 64 3.7.1 Hydrogeology, site description and methods ...................................................................... 64 3.7.2 Major outcome from the study ............................................................................................ 67 3.7.3 Conceptual models for surface water – groundwater interaction ....................................... 69 3.8 The Grue site, Norway (Bioforsk) ................................................................................................ 71 3.8.1 Site description, hydrogeolgy and methods ........................................................................ 71 3.8.2 Major outcome from the study ............................................................................................ 71 3.8.3 Conceptual models for surface water – groundwater interaction ....................................... 74 3.9 Sava river, interaction with groundwater ................................................................................... 75 3.9.1 Hydrodynamic pattern of the Sava River – groundwater interaction .................................. 76 3.9.2 Hydrogeochemical evidence of the Sava River –groundwater interaction .......................... 79 3.10 Fontanili springs, Italy, Hydrogeology, site description and methods ...................................... 80 3.10.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 80 3.10.2 Groundwater – Surface Water interactions: Fontanili of the Lombardy Region ............... 86 3.10.3 Major outcome from studies on selected fontanili ............................................................ 90 3.10.4 Conceptual model for surface water – groundwater interaction ...................................... 91 4. Modelling of surface-groundwater interaction in aquifers ............................................................... 92 4.1 Groundwater interaction with ecosystems ................................................................................. 92 4.2 Conceptual models ...................................................................................................................... 93 4.3 Numerical modelling needs and approaches .............................................................................. 94 4.3.1 Numerical modelling