ISSN 2544-5502 SOCIETY REGISTER 3 (3) 2019 Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan ISSN 2544-5502 SOCIETY REGISTER 3 (3) 2019 Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan SOCIETY REGISTER 2019 / Vol. 3, No. 3 ISSN: 2544-5502 | DOI: 10.14746/sr EDITORIAL TEAM: Mariusz Baranowski (Editor-in-Chief), Marcos A. Bote (Social Policy Editor), Piotr Cichocki (Quantitative Research Editor), Sławomir Czapnik (Political Science Editor), Piotr Jabkowski (Statistics Editor), Mark D. Juszczak (International Relations), Agnieszka Kanas (Stratification and Inequality Editor), Magdalena Lemańczyk (Anthropology Editor), Urszula Markowska-Manista (Educational Sciences Editor), Bartosz Mika (Sociology of Work Editor), Kamalini Mukherjee (English language Editor), Krzysztof Nowak-Posadzy (Philoso- phy Editor), Anna Odrowąż-Coates (Deputy Editor-in-Chief), Aneta Piektut (Migration Editor). POLISH EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS: Agnieszka Gromkowska-Melosik, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland); Kazimierz Krzysztofek, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities (Poland); Roman Leppert, Kazimierz Wielki University (Poland); Renata Nowakowska-Siuta, ChAT (Poland); Inetta Nowosad, University of Zielona Góra (Poland); Ewa Przybylska, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland); Piotr Sałustowicz, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities (Poland); Bogusław Śliwerski, University of Lodz (Poland); Aldona Żurek, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland). INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS: Tony Blackshaw, Sheffield Hallam University (United King- dom); Theodore Chadjipadelis, Aristotle University Thessaloniki (Greece); Kathleen J. Farkas, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (US); Sribas Goswami, Serampore College, University of Calcutta (India); Bozena Hautaniemi, Stockholm University (Sweden); Kamel Lahmar, University of Sétif 2 (Algeria); Georg Kam- phausen, University of Bayreuth (Germany); Nina Michalikova, University of Central Oklahoma (US); Jaroslaw Richard Romaniuk, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (US); E. Wayne Ross, University of British Columbia (Canada); Luca Salmieri, Sapienza University (Italy); Nora Schleicher, Budapest Metropolitan Uni- versity (Hungary); Angela Scollan, Middlesex University London (United Kingdom); Alan Segal, Grande Prairie Regional College, Alberta (Canada), Darrick Smith, University of San Francisco (US); Paul Spicker, Robert Gor- don University (United Kingdom); Wolfgang Streeck, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (Germany). Text revision: Kamalini Mukherjee DTP: SR team The original version of the journal is an online edition published on the following websites: http://societyregister.eu/ https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/sr Society Register is co-financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (under the ‘Support for scien- tific journals’ programme). Abstracting/indexing services: ARIANTA, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE), CEJSH (The Central Euro- pean Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities), CEON (Centrum Otwartej Nauki), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences (ERIH PLUS), EuroPub Database, PKP Index, IC Journals Master List, ROAD Directory of Open Access scholarly Resources, POL-index, SSOAR (Social Science Open Access Repository), Google Scholar, WorldCat, NUKAT. Published by: Editorial Office: Faculty of Sociology Faculty of Sociology Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Szamarzewskiego 89 C, 60-568 Poznań, Poland Szamarzewskiego 89 C, 60-568 Poznań, Poland E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +48 61 8292227 SOCIETY REGISTER 2019 / VOL. 3, NO. 3 EDITED BY HANNA MAMZER CONTENTS #INTRODUCTION HANNA MAMZER ANIMAL TURN AS A META-TURN? . 07 #ARTICLES YOTAM WERZANSKY-ORLAND WHAT IS AN ANIMAL: LEARNING FROM THE PAST – LOOKING TO THE FUTURE . 19 AMY P. WILSON (NON) HUMAN(IMAL) RIGHTS: DISMANTLING THE SEPARATENESS IN LAW AND POLICY . 39 GEETA SHYAM HOW COMMUNITY ATTITUDES CAN STRENGTHEN ARGUMENTS FOR CHANGING THE LEGAL STATUS OF ANIMALS . 67 AVIVA VINCENT, SHELBY MCDONALD, BETHANIE POE & VICKI DEISNER THE LINK BETWEEN INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE AND ANIMAL ABUSE . 83 AGNIESZKA BIELSKA-BRODZIAK, MARLENA DRAPALSKA-GROCHOWICZ & MAREK SUSKA SYMBOLIC PROTECTION OF ANIMALS . 103 BIRGITTA WAHLBERG RE-EVALUATION OF ANIMAL PROTECTION BY THE FINNISH ANIMAL RIGHTS LAWYERS SOCIETY . 123 #DISCUSSIONS AND RESEARCH NOTES DAVID FAVRE THE GROWING REALITY OF LEGAL RIGHTS FOR COMPANION ANIMALS . 143 TOMASZ PIETRZYKOWSKI ANIMAL LAW: ETHICS, SOCIETY AND CONSTITUTIONS . 151 SACHA LUCASSEN ANIMAL-BASED MEASURES: A STEP TOWARDS RIGHTS FOR FARM ANIMALS? . 159 HANNA MAMZER ANINAL AS AN ALIEN . 167 AGNIESZKA ŻOK & EWA BAUM SOMEONE BETWEEN: ETHICAL AND MEDICAL PROBLEMS OF HUMAN AND (NON)HUMAN ANIMAL ENHANCEMENT . 179 SOCIETY REGISTER 2019 / 3(3): 7-17 ISSN 2544–5502 DOI: 10.14746/sr.2019.3.3.01 ANIMAL TURN AS A META-TURN?1 HANNA MAMZER1 1 Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Szamarzewskiego 89 C, 60-568 Poznań, Poland. ORCID: 0000- 0002-2251-7639, E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Human sciences as a reflection of social transformations fluctuate with dynamic changes of current cognitive paradigms. Following the textual and visual turn and the turn towards things (objects), there are intensified tendencies to think in terms of an “animal turn”, which becomes close not only to activists and pro-ani- mal activists but also to scientifically engaged humanists. I believe, however, that the animal turn should be treated as a meta-turn: a process that requires a change in the relationship between the reflecting subject and the object of reflection, and not only as a specific kind of representation of the surrounding world. In the proposed text, I attempt to analyze the causes of the turn towards animals. I also address the theme of cognitive resistance in view of the recognition of animal studies as a fully-fledged theoretical and research area of contemporary humanities. KEYWORDS: animal turn, turn to animals’ relations, man, animal, animal studies Nowadays, humanities and social sciences when attempting to describe and analyze the social and cultural reality are guided by cognitive pluralism, embedded in a post- modern perspective which proposes to adopt the assumptions of the process of inter- 1 This article was published in Polish as subchapter titled “Zwrot animalistyczny jako meta-zwrot” in Mamzer Hanna and Isański Jakub. 2018. Socjologia kultury w świecie inteligentnych zwierząt i uczących się maszyn. Bydgoszcz: Epigram. 8 SOCIETY REGISTER 2019 / VOL. 3., NO. 3 preting reality for all the reflections. We must however be ready to accept the conse- quences of these assumptions: the obvious existence of many interpretations of the world. Each of these interpretations is realized through a unique kind of discourse based on a peculiar metaphor and a peculiar language. The multitude of the created mental worlds makes us realize that the reflecting subject has no access to the world as such - it has access only to the representation of the world, created through the mind that discovers this world. As I wrote in another place: “The concept of repre- senting reality through various forms of reflection arises in humanistic discourse from the approach proposing the assumption as the basic thesis that objective recreation of reality is not possible, that it always requires the use of a kind of “community” per- spectives (borrowed, of course, from the influence of culture and social context) that alter not only the form but also the meaning of the analyzed phenomena. Psycholog- ically, this is a universally accepted process when considering the accuracy of human perception. However, the popularization of approaches emphasizing the importance of interpretation has also allowed to propagate the idea of transforming the perceived world, not only on the level of mental processes taking place in the mind of the sub- ject, but above all on the level of socially regulated cultural processes that influence the way of seeing, writing and understanding the world and the way of transferring the knowledge about it” (Mamzer 2008: 62). The representation of the reality through the metaphors of discourses has until now taken two significantly visible forms - textual turn embedded in poststructural- ism and carrying a rational message, and the opposite visual turn embedded in post- modernism, which restores intuition and emotions and their role in human percep- tion of the world. This opposition was formed on the basis of the Cartesian concept of psycho-physical dualism: not only antagonizing these two ways of cognition, but also hierarchizing them in such a way that the discredited emotional cognition was for many years removed from research practice as inferior, unworthy and… feminine. The Descartes’ way of looking at the world of living beings only strengthened the vi- sion already proposed in ancient times, especially by Aristotle: “The post-humanistic perspective is associated with animal studies only when it implies a critical attitude towards anthropocentrism and not an anticipation of the post-human or the post-hu- man era. In our culture, the privileged status of man inherited from the Greeks and strengthened by Christianity involves the glorification of the mind, the language and the immortal soul” (Bakke 2011:199). Thus, both the hierarchical perception of the world built on anthropocentrism and the strengthening of psychic-somatic opposi- tion (and thus: emotional opposition