TIlE PIERIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) OF SAKAWAK : SYSTEMATICS AND DISTRIBUTION Bong Shiek Leng Bachelor of Science with Honours (Animal Resource Science and Management) QL 2005 542 8724 2005 I P.KHIDMATMAKLUMATAKADEMIK Pusat Khidmat Makiumat Akadenu~ UIIMAS UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWA$ '~ .')I) I(01;) Samarahl.1n 1111111111111 111111111111 1000137536 THE PIERIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) OF SARA W AK: SYSTEMATICS AND DISTRIBUTION BOON SHIEK LENG This project is submitted in partiM:ttulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours (Animal Resource Science and Management Program) Faculty of Resource Sciences and Technology UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAW AK 2005 DECLARATION No portion of the work referred to in this dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree of qualification of this or any other university or institution of higher learning. Boon Shiek Leng Program of Animal Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resource Sciences and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Acknowledgement Foremost I would like to express my indebtedness to my beloved supervisor Assoc. Professor Dr. Fatimah Abang for being extremely patience and dedication to me and my work. Without her guidance, constructive comments and correcting my mistakes in doing my research, the objectives of this project could never be achieved. Special thanks to Miss Audry Mengan, Mr Ngumbang luat and Mr lailani Mortada who had sacrificed their time to help me to work in Unimas Museum after office hour, and Mr Yazis and all the staff of Institution of Biodiversity and Environment Conservation (IBEC) for allowing me to complete a part of my work at the institute. I am grateful to Miss Lucy Chong, Mr Paulus Meleng and Miss Pauline for giving permission and help to me to check the specimens of butterflies in the Sarawak Forest Corporation Research Centre. Great thanks to my dearest juniors from second year; Pang Sing Tyan, Siti Norfatihah, and Siti Rusilawati for helping to collect and to ensure the accuracy of the data of my project from the Insect Collection of Unimas Museum. Special thanks to my dearest friend Sandra lames and Simon Chin for their sustained support throughout my undergraduate years. , Abbreviations: F-Forewing H-Hindwing Up - upperside Un - underside (S - Male ~ - Female U- underside (In Appendix) 1 Pusat Khidmat Makiumat Akaaemu\ UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWA¥ OLl ~()() KOla Samaralwl Table of Contents Contents Page Abstract 1 1.0 Introduction 2-3 2.0 Literature review 3-16 3.0 Materials and methods 17 4.0 Results 18-61 5.0 Discussion 62-67 6.0 Conclusion 68 7.0 References .', 69-73 8.0 Appendices 74-83 J List of figures List of tables List of figures Pages Fig. 2.1: Major forest types in Sarawak (After Hazebroek and 5 Abang Morshidi, 2000.). Fig. 2.2: Bifid claws on right hindleg of Cepora nerissa (After 11 Bascombe et al., 1999.). Fig. 2.3: Wing venation of Pieridae (Pieris) (After Davies, 1998.). 12 Fig.2.4: Wing surfaces and wing margins of the wings (After Otsuka, 2001.). 13 Fig. 2.5: Brush-tipped androconium of Pieris canidia (After 14 Bascombe et aL, 1999). Fig. 2.6: Life cycle of Pieridae (Eurema sari) (Modified from Bascombe et al., 1999). 15 Fig. 4.1: Distribution ofAppias cardena carden a in Sabah and 21 Sarawak. Fig. 4.2: Distribution ofAppias indra plana in Sabah and Sarawak. 22 Fig.4.3: Distribution ofAppias Iyncida enarete in Sabah, Sarawak and Kalimantan. 24 Fig. 4.4: Distribution ofAppias nero chelidon in Sabah and Sarawak. 25 Fig. 4.5: Distribution ofAppias paulina athena in Sarawak. 26 Fig. 4.6: Distribution ofAppias olferna olferna in Sarawak. 27 Fig.4.7: Distribution of Cepora iudit/t,hespera in Sabah and 28 Sarawak. .' J Fig. 4.8: Distribution of Cepora pactolicus in Sabah and Sarawak. 29 Fig. 4.9: Distribution ofDelias eumolpe in Sabah and Sarawak. 31 Fig. 4.10: Distribution of Delias henningia pandemia in Sabah 31 Sarawak. Fig. 4.11: Distribution of Delias hyparete diva in Sabah, Sarawak 33 and Kalimantan. Fig. 4.12: Distribution of Delias ninus parthenia in Sabah and 34 Sarawak. Fig. 4.13: Distribution of Delias hacarasa cathara in Sabah and 35 Sarawak. Fig. 4.14: Distribution of Delias cinerascens in Sabah and 36 Sarawak. Fig. 4.15: Distribution of Delias singhapura indistincta in Sabah 36 and Sarawak. Fig. 4.16: Distribution of Hebomoia glaucippe borneensis in 38 Sabah, Sarawak and Kalimantan. Fig. 4.17: Distribution of Ixias undatus in Sabah and Sarawak. 39 Fig. 4.18: Distribution of Leptosia nina malayana in Sabah, 40 Sarawak and Kalimantan. Fig. 4.19: Distribution ofPareronia valeria lutescen in Sabah, 42 Sarawak and Kalimantan. Fig. 4.20: Distribution ofPrioneris cornelia in Sabah and 43 Sarawak. 44 Fig. 4.21: Distribution of Prioneris vollenhovi in Sabah and Sarawak. 45 Fig. 4.22: Distribution ofSaletara panda distanti in Sa bah, Sarawak and Kalimantan. 47 Fig. 4.23: Distribution of Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe in Sabah and Sarawak. Fig. 4.24: Distribution of Catopsilia pomona pomona in Sabah and 49 Sarawak. 49 Fig. 4.25: Distribution of Catopsilia scylla cornelia in Sarawak. Fig. 4.26: Distribution of Dercas gobrias gobrias in Sa bah, 50 Sarawak and Kalimantan. J 51 Fig. 4.27: Distribution of Eurema ada ada in Sabah and Sarawak. 52 Fig. 4.28: Distribution of E"'~ma andersoni borneensis in Sabah, Sarawak and Kalimantan. 54 Fig. 4.29: Distribution of Eurema blanda blanda in Sabah and Sarawak. Fig. 4.30: Distribution of Eurema hecabe hecabe in Sabah and 55 Sarawak. Fig. 4.31: Distribution of Eurema lacteola lacteola in Sabah and 56 Sarawak. 57 Fig. 4.32: Distribution of Eurema nicevillei nicevillei in Sabah and Sarawak. Fig. 4.33: Distribution of Eurema sari sodalis in Sabah and 58 Sarawak. 59 Fig. 4.34: Distribution ofEurema simulatrix tecmessa in Sabah and Sarawak. 60 Fig. 4.35: Distribution ofEurema tominia nabalua in Sabah and Sarawak. 61 Fig. 4.36: Distribution of Gandaca harina elis in Sabah and Sarawak. I List of tables Pages 18 Table 4.1: List of Pieridae species of Sarawak based on voucher specimens deposited at the Sarawak Museum, Sarawak Forest Corporation Research Centre and Unimas Museum from 1893 to 2004. 19 Table 4.2: Pieridae species associated with different vegetation type in Sarawak. The Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) Fauna of Sarawak: Systematics and Distribution Boon Shiek Leng Program Sains dan Pengurusan Sumber Haiwan Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Sumber Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ABSTRACT As shown by voucher specimens deposited at the Sarawak Museum, studies on the butterflies from the family Pieridae in Sarawak began during the 1800's. The present study was based on voucher specimens deposited in the Sarawak Museum, Sarawak Forest Corporation Research Centre and Unimas Museum. These represent specimens collected from 1893 to 2004. A total of 728 specimens were examined and evaluated. A systematic account of the species and distribution maps are provided .A total of 36 species of Pieridae from nine genera in the subfamily Pierinae and four genera in the subfamily Coliadinae is now known to occur in Sarawak. As revealed by this study, eleven Bornean species, namely E. alitha gradiens, D. blanca nausicaa, D. pasithoe angustifascia, A. albina albina, A. pandione whiteheadi, A. nepheles dilulior, U. cynis pryeri, P. nishiyamai alpha, C. iudith bela, A. lyncida balambangensis and A. paulina insularis are not known to occur in Sarawak. This study also reveals that seven of the Pierid species that has been documented as to occur only in North Borneo (Sabah) prior to this, is now also reported from Sarawak. These are D. henningia pandemia, D cinerascen, P. cornelia, P. vollenhovi, E. lacleola, E. sari sodalis and E. lominia nabalua. The butterflies of the family Pieridae are distributed throughout different types of forests in Sarawak and are mostly found in peat swamp forest, mixed-dipterocarp forest and secondary forest. 20 families of hosplants for the butterflies of the family Pieridae in Sarawak are revealed by this study. Further research on the butterflies of family Pieridae in Sarawak should be conducted for more detailed biological and ecological information. Key words: Butterflies, Pieridae, Sarawak, voucher specimens, distribution. ABSTRAK Spesimen baucer yang lerkumpul di Muzium Sarcr.l'ak menunjukkan bahawa kajian rama-rama dari famili Pieridae di Sarawak bermula 1800an. Kajian ini adalah berdasarkan spesimen baucer yang lersimpan di Muzium Sarawak, Pusat Penyelidikan Korperasi Perhulanan Sarawak serla Muzium Unimas dari 1893 hingga 2004. Akaun sistemalik serla pela laburan disediakan. Sebanyak 728 spesimen lelah diperiksa dan direkodkan. Sejumlah 36 spesies rama-rama Pieridae dari 9 genera dalam subfamili Pierinae dan 4 genera dalam subfamili Coliadinae lelah didokumenlasikan. Menurul kajian ini, sebelas spesies Borneo didapali lidak wujud di Sarawak iailu; E. alitha gradiens, D. blanca nausicaa, D. pasilhoe anguslifascia, A. albina albina, A. pandione whiteheadi, A. nepheles dilulior, U. cynis pryeri, P. nishiyamai alpha, C. iudith beta, A. lyncida balambangensis dan A. paulina insular is manakala lujuh spesies yang dikenali hanya lerdapal di Sabah, kini dilaporkan di Sarawak iailll, D. henningia pandemia, D cinerascen, P. cornelia, P. vollenhovi, E. lac/eola, E. sari sodalis dan E. /ominia nabalua . Ram a-ram a famili Pieridae bertaburan di pelbagai jenis hu/an di seluruh Sarawak dan kebanyakannya di/emui di Hu/an Paya, Hutan Hujan Tropika dan Hu/an Sekunder.Didapa/i bahawa 20 jenis famili /umbuhan merupakan tumbuhan perumah rama-rama Pieridae di Sarawak Kajian lanju/an harus dijalankan un/uk mendapa/i informasi yang berkai/an dengan biologi dan ekologi rama-rama Pieridae. Ka/a kunci: Pieridae, Sarawak, baucer specimen, hu/an, /aburan. 1.0 Introduction Systematic studies of butterflies in Sarawak started during the colonial days, in the early 19th century. Most early works were published in the Sarawak Museum Journal and the Journal of the Malay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Abang et at., 1996).