PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI THE PERCEPTION OF THE ENGLISH SPEAKERS OF INDONESIA ON THE SEMANTIC FUNCTIONS OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE A THESIS Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum) Degree in English Language Studies by Aloysius G. Sujatmiko B.S. Student Number: 076332019 THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iv PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI v PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : ALOYSIUS G. SUJATMIKO B.S. Nomor Mahasiswa : 07 6332 019 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: THE PERCEPTION OF THE ENGLISH SPEAKERS OF INDONESIA ON THE SEMANTIC FUNCTIONS OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal : 26 Januari 2011 Yang menyatakan vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A. for his direction, assistance, and guidance. In particular, his recommendations and suggestions have been invaluable for the project and for the data analysis improvement. His straightforward comments and long hours for reading and correcting my thesis has placed me in his debt. I also wish to thank Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., who has guided me to see the attractive side of linguistics. My gratitude goes to Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo who has introduced me with the deep meaning of semantics and pragmatics and pulled me in the great enthusiasm in language research. I should thank to Dr. J. Bismoko who has made me fascinated with the idea of „think globally and act locally‟ and encouraged me to choose a topic of thesis which is much closer to humanism. I am also thankful to Drs. F.X. Mukarto, M.S., Ph.D., for his valuable criticism and input that really made my thesis better than it would have been. I would like to thank to Dra. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A (Hons)., Ph.D. and Mbak Lely who have helped me to make the thesis seemed easier to finish. Thanks are also due to my classmates in Class 2007 who have shared invaluable moments in studying. Thanks to Sesco, Wedho, Eko, and Pak Frans from Class 2008 who have spared their precious time to help me with this project. Special thanks should be given to Pak Wid and Bu Pip for their endless support and tireless help that make all the hard stuff go smoothly. Finally, words alone cannot express the thanks I owe to my wife Rina who never gives up on me; my children Sita, Ayu and Dhanes for their abundant love, trust, and encouragement, and for teaching me the deep meaning of life and love. Thanks to my sister Nanik, my brother Listyo and their families for their endless encouragement. I dedicate this work to my Mom and Dad who have rested in peace: thank you for all magical miracles and my memories of you have helped me get through many frustrating moments. Aloysius G. Sujatmiko B.S. vii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………………….. ii DEFENCE APPROVAL PAGE …..………………………………………….… iii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ..……………………………………….…... iv COPYRIGHT APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………….. v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN …………………………………. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………….…………………. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ..………………………………….…………………... viii LIST OF TABLES .………………………………………….………………….. x LIST OF FIGURES ..…………………………………………………………… xi LIST OF DIAGRAMS .…………………………………………………………. xii LIST OF APPENDICES ..………………………………………….…………… xiii ABSTRACT ..…………………………………………………………………… xiv ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………… xvi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 A. Background ………………………………………………………………….. 1 B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………………………… 8 C. Research Objectives …………………………………………………………. 9 D. Research Limitation …………………………………………………………. 10 E. Research Benefit ……………………………………………………………... 11 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW 13 A. Literary Review ……………………………………………………………… 13 1. Definiteness ……………..……………………………………………….. 13 a. Familiarity …………………………………………………………... 14 b. Identifiability ………………………………………………………... 19 c. Uniqueness ………………………………………………………….. 22 d. Inclusiveness ………………………………………………………... 26 2. English Definite Article ………………………………………………….. 28 3. Definite Description ………………………………….………………….. 36 4. The Uses of Definite Description ………………………………………... 41 a. Hawkins‟ List of Definite Description Uses ………………………… 41 b. Quirk et al.‟s List of Definite Description Uses …………………….. 50 B. Review of Related Studies …………………………………………………... 56 C. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………… 59 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 62 A. Research Method …………………………………………………………….. 62 B. Research Data ……………………………………………………………….. 63 viii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI C. Research Procedure ………………………………………………………….. 66 D. The Krippendorff‟s α Statistic ………………………………………………. 67 CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 73 A. The Identified Types of Definite Description Uses …………………………. 73 B. Level of Agreement among English Speakers of Indonesia ………………… 88 C. The Significance of Knowledge of Definite Description Uses ……………… 95 1. Cases of agreement among Coders ……………………………………… 96 2. Cases of disagreement among Coders …………………………………… 104 a. The 3-1 Disagreement ………………………………………………. 105 b. The 2-2 Disagreement ………………………………………………. 110 c. The 2-1-1 Disagreement …………………………………………….. 113 d. The 1-1-1-1 Disagreement ………………………………………….. 116 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 121 A. Conclusions ………………………………………………………………….. 121 B. Suggestions ………………………………………………………………….. 126 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………. 128 APPENDIX 1 The Annotation Result ………………………………………….. 132 APPENDIX 2 Text Annotation Instruction …………………………………….. 148 ix PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 The top five words with the highest frequency of occurrence 5 in Guruh promises to revolutionize PDI-P article in The Jakarta Post online, Sunday, February 7, 2010. Table 1.2 The top five words with the highest frequency of occurrence 6 in President faces pressure to resuffle cabinet article in The Jakarta Post online, Sunday, February 7, 2010. Table 2.1 Hawkins‟s list of definite description uses 50 Table 2.2 Quirk et al.‟s list of definite description uses 56 Table 3.1 The sample size for selected confidence intervals 64 (Neuendorff, 2002: 89) Table 3.2 Description of research data 65 Table 3.3 A sample of coding result 69 Table 3.4 Frequencies for Both Coders 70 Table 3.5 Bootstrapped Distribution of α Values and the Agreement 72 Level Table 4.1 Classification of definite descriptions according to coder A 74 Table 4.2 Classification of definite descriptions according to coder B 76 Table 4.3 Classification of definite descriptions according to coder C 80 Table 4.4 Classification of definite descriptions according to coder D 82 Table 4.5 Distribution of disagreement (pfu) among coders 89 Table 4.6 Frequencies of all coders 90 Table 4.7 Distribution of agreement among coders 97 Table 4.8 Distribution of disagreement among coders 105 x PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Shared knowledge (Leech, 1981: 157) 15 Figure 2.2 The X-bar format of phrase structure 34 (Hegeman and Gueron, 1999: 78) Figure 2.3 X-bar analysis of the car 34 Figure 2.4 X-bar analysis of NP the new car in the garage 35 Figure 2.5 X-bar analysis of DP the car 36 xi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 4.1 Classification of definite descriptions according to coder A 74 Diagram 4.2 Classification of definite descriptions according to coder B 79 Diagram 4.3 Classification of definite descriptions according to coder C 81 Diagram 4.4 Classification of definite descriptions according to coder D 83 Diagram 4.5 Classification of definite descriptions according all coders 84 xii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX 1. The Annotation Result 132 APPENDIX 2. Text Annotation Instruction 148 xiii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRACT Aloysius G. Sujatmiko B.S. 2011. The Perception of the English Speakers of Indonesia on the Semantic Functions of the Definite Article. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies. Graduate Program. Sanata Dharma University. The main aim of the study is to investigate how English speakers of Indonesia interpret the meaning of definiteness by classifying a number of definite descriptions according to their uses. The research is also intended to measure the agreement among the speakers about the classification of definite description uses. Concerning these, the objectives of this research were formulated to answer the following two problems: (a) How are the uses of definite descriptions identified by English speakers of Indonesia? and (b) How significant is the knowledge of definite