Method to achieve print-bake fixation for inkjet printing of dyes A dissertation submitted to The University of Manchester for the Master of Philosophy in the Faculty of Engineering Physical Sciences 2015 Renwei Tian School of Materials University of Manchester Contents List of figures ................................................................................................................. 3 List of tables ................................................................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 6 DECLARATION ........................................................................................................... 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................. 8 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ........................................................................................ 9 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 11 1.1 Literature review ................................................................................................ 12 1.1.1 Cotton .......................................................................................................... 12 1.1.2 Historical background of reactive dye ......................................................... 24 1.2 Research purposes .............................................................................................. 48 2. Research Methodology ............................................................................................ 50 2.1 Convert commercial dye (MX-2G Blue) to phosphonic acid containing dye .... 50 2.1.1 Synthesis of Dye 1 ....................................................................................... 50 2.1.2 Synthesis of Dye 2 ....................................................................................... 57 2.1.3 Synthesis of Dye 3 ....................................................................................... 60 2.2 Application of modified dye to cotton ............................................................... 61 2.2.1 Pad-batch method ........................................................................................ 61 2.2.2 Inkjet printing via modified dye .................................................................. 66 2.3 Inkjet printing via Desktop inkjet printer ........................................................... 71 2.3.1 Pre-treatment of cotton fabrics .................................................................... 73 2.3.2 Desktop inkjet printing process ................................................................... 74 3 Evaluate modified dye performance ......................................................................... 76 3.1 Colour strength measurement for inkjet printed sample fabrics via spectrophotometer .................................................................................................... 76 3.1.1 Measure samples.......................................................................................... 77 3.2 Tensile Test ........................................................................................................ 78 1 3.2.1 Tensile Procedure ........................................................................................ 80 3.3 Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometry ............................................................... 81 3.3.1 Sample measurement ................................................................................... 82 3.3.2 Standard solution make up .......................................................................... 84 3.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy .......................................................... 85 3.4.1 FT-IR measuring procedure......................................................................... 86 3.5 Thin layer chromatography ................................................................................ 87 3.5.1 Producing the chromatogram ....................................................................... 89 3.5.2 Rf Values ..................................................................................................... 92 4 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................. 94 4.1 Dye analysis ....................................................................................................... 94 4.1.1 Thin layer chromatography ......................................................................... 94 4.1.2 FT-IR ........................................................................................................... 97 4.2 Application of synthesised phosphonic acid containing dye to cotton .............. 98 4.2.1 Effect of Catalyst type and Concentration on dye fixation via Pad-bake method .................................................................................................................. 98 4.2.2 Effect of Catalyst type and Concentration on dye fixation via Inkjet printing ............................................................................................................................ 108 4.2.3 Effect of printing method on colour strength ............................................ 112 4.3 Effect of pretreatment and baking process on tensile strength ......................... 118 5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 122 5.1 Recommendations for future research.............................................................. 125 5.2 Future of Inkjet printing ................................................................................... 126 6. Reference ............................................................................................................... 127 7. Appendix…………………………………………………………………………137 2 List of figures Figure.1.1 Cotton boll after opening (https://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/cotton-boll/) ................................... 13 Figure 1.2 Cross-sectional view of a cotton fibre (Textile Fibers, © 2013 Cotton Incorporated). ................................................................................................ 14 Figure 1.3 Longitudinal convolutions of a cotton fibre (Plant Fibres for Textile and Technical Applications, 2013) ................................................................ 15 Figure 1.4 Cross-sectional view of a bundle of cotton fibres (Plant Fibres for Textile and Technical Applications, 2013) .................................................... 16 Figure 1.5 D-configuration glucose unit (Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 2013) ............................................................................ 18 Figure 1.6 β-(1-4) glycosidic bond (Identification of a chemical indicator of the rupture of 1,4-β-glycosidic bonds of cellulose in an oil-impregnated insulating paper system. 2007) ..................................................................... 18 Figure 1.7 cellulose molecules chain (http://staff.concord.org/~btinker/workbench_web/unitIV_revised/cellulose/ cellulose6.html) ............................................................................................. 19 Figure 1.8 The structure and the inter- and intra-chain hydrogen bonding pattern in cellulose. ................................................................................................... 20 Figure 1.9 Positions in the cellulose structure for chemical reactions. (Recent developments in spectroscopic and chemical characterization of cellulose . 21 Figure 1.10 Configurations of the crystalline and amorphous regions in cellulose microfibril. (Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, .............................. 21 Figure 1.11 Unit cells for cellulose structures Iα (a). (Parallel-up structure ......... 22 Figure 1.12 Unit cells for cellulose structures Iβ (b). ((Parallel-up structure ....... 23 Figure 1.13 Relative configuration of Ia with respect to Iβunit cell (Macromolecules, 1991) ............................................................................... 23 Figure 1.14 The components of a Reactive dye. (The dyeing of textile fibres, 1992) ............................................................................................................. 25 3 Figure 1.15 Procion Indigo Navy MX-2G (http://www.worlddyevariety.com/reactive-dyes/reactive-blue-109.html) ... 26 Figure 1.16 Nucleophilic substitution for reactive dye (The dyeing of textile fibres, 1992) .................................................................................................. 27 Figure 1.17 2-Bowl padder mangle (http://www.indiantextilejournal.com) ......... 31 Figure 1.18 Textile Printing by Conventional Manual Methods .......................... 33 Figure 1.19 Textile Printing by Inkjet printing Methods ...................................... 34 Figure 1.20 Formation of droplet (Textile digital printing technology, 2005) ...... 36 Figure 1.21 Formation of droplet (www.huntsman.com) ..................................... 37 Figure 1.22 Unfixed dye test (The Surface Designer's Handbook，2006) .......... 39 Figure 1.23 Reactive dyeing effluents emission (http://news.cnhubei.com/xw/gn/201302/t2464886.shtml) .......................... 41 Figure 1.24 Treatment of the effluents (http://www.thermaxindia.com) .............. 42 Figure 1.25 Phosphonic