ANL/ESD/09-4 Advanced Battery Technology for Electric Two-Wheelers in the People’s Republic of China Energy Systems Division About Argonne National Laboratory Argonne is a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory managed by UChicago Argonne, LLC under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. The Laboratory’s main facility is outside Chicago, at 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439. For information about Argonne and its pioneering science and technology programs, see www.anl.gov. Availability of This Report This report is available, at no cost, at http://www.osti.gov/bridge. It is also available on paper to the U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, for a processing fee, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone (865) 576-8401 fax (865) 576-5728 [email protected] Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor UChicago Argonne, LLC, nor any of their employees or officers, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of document authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof, Argonne National Laboratory, or UChicago Argonne, LLC. ANL/ESD/09-4 Advanced Battery Technology for Electric Two-Wheelers in the People’s Republic of China by Pandit G. Patil Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory sponsored by Hybrid and Electric Systems, Vehicle Technologies Program, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, DOE June 2009 CONTENTS NOTATION.............................................................................................................................. ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................ xiii SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................. 1 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Purpose of and Background on Report.................................................................. 9 1.2 Energy Situation in China...................................................................................... 11 1.3 Description and Benefits of Electric Two-Wheelers ............................................. 13 1.4 Electric Two-Wheeler Issues................................................................................. 14 1.5 Gasoline Scooters and Motorcycles....................................................................... 16 1.6 Electric Two-Wheelers around the World............................................................. 17 1.7 China’s Changing Transportation.......................................................................... 18 1.8 Background on Electric Two-Wheelers in China.................................................. 19 1.8.1 Types of Electric Bikes............................................................................. 20 1.8.2 Advantages of Electric Bikes.................................................................... 21 1.9 Electric Two-Wheelers in China ........................................................................... 22 1.9.1 Chinese National Support for Electric Bikes ............................................ 23 1.9.2 Shanghai and Electric Bikes ..................................................................... 24 1.10 Gasoline Two-Wheelers in China.......................................................................... 28 1.10.1 Number in Use .......................................................................................... 28 1.10.2 Emissions from Mobil Sources................................................................. 28 1.11 Energy Consumption in China............................................................................... 29 1.12 Electric Two-Wheeler Market and Production in China ....................................... 30 1.13 International Electric Bike Activities .................................................................... 31 1.14 Electric Bike Programs in Various Countries........................................................ 33 1.14.1 United States............................................................................................. 33 1.14.2 Japan ......................................................................................................... 34 1.14.3 European Union........................................................................................ 36 1.14.4 Germany.................................................................................................... 37 1.14.5 Switzerland ............................................................................................... 37 1.14.6 India .......................................................................................................... 39 1.14.6.1 Bajaj Auto................................................................................. 40 1.14.6.2 Leo Bikes .................................................................................. 42 1.14.6.3 Accura Bikes Pvt., Ltd. ............................................................. 42 1.14.6.4 Birionic Pvt., Ltd....................................................................... 43 1.14.6.5 Callidai Motor Works Pvt., Ltd................................................. 43 1.14.6.6 Radha Energy Cell .................................................................... 43 1.14.6.7 Rashron Energy and Auto, Ltd.................................................. 44 1.14.6.8 Rotary Electronics Pvt., Ltd...................................................... 44 iii CONTENTS (Cont.) 1.14.7 Taiwan....................................................................................................... 44 1.14.7.1 Industrial Technology Research Institute.................................. 47 1.14.7.2 KOC Industry Corp................................................................... 47 1.14.7.3 Shihlin Electric and Engineering Corporation .......................... 48 2 LITHIUM-ION BATTERY TECHNOLOGY FOR ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS.......................................................................................................... 49 2.1 Battery Manufacturers and Performance............................................................... 49 2.2 Electric Two-Wheeler Performance Requirements ............................................... 50 2.3 Safety ..................................................................................................................... 50 2.4 Battery Industry for Two-Wheelers....................................................................... 51 2.5 International Competition...................................................................................... 52 2.6 Policy Perspective.................................................................................................. 53 2.7 Trends in Lithium-Ion Battery Development ........................................................ 54 2.7.1 Separator Development............................................................................. 54 2.7.2 Progress of Li-Ion Battery Technology for Electric Vehicles .................. 55 2.8 Li-Ion Battery Industry and Raw Materials........................................................... 55 2.9 Battery Standards................................................................................................... 58 2.9.1 Status of Chinese Li-Ion Battery Standards.............................................. 59 2.9.2 Status of International Li-Ion Battery Standards ...................................... 59 2.10 Market Analysis of Raw Materials for Li-Ion Batteries........................................ 60 2.10.1 Market for Cathode Materials................................................................... 60 2.10.2 Market for Anode Materials...................................................................... 61 2.10.3 Market for Separators ............................................................................... 61 2.10.4 Market for Electrolytes ............................................................................. 62 2.10.4.1 High-Purity Solvent.................................................................. 63 2.10.4.2 LiPF6 Electrolytes ..................................................................... 63 2.10.4.3 Additives ................................................................................... 63 2.10.4.4 Electrolytes................................................................................ 64 2.11 Electric Vehicle and Electric Bicycle Market ....................................................... 64 2.12 Supply of Raw Materials ....................................................................................... 66 3 LITHIUM-ION BATTERY TECHNOLOGY FOR TWO-WHEELERS