Strategy on Control and Management of the Worst Invasive Alien Plant Species Reported in India S. Sandilyan Authors S. Sandilyan Citation Sandilyan, S. 2019. Strategies for control and management of some selective Invasive Alien Plant Species Endangering Indian Biodiversity. National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai. Copyright © National Biodiversity Authority 2018 ISBN : 978-81-940589-8-4 Published by Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) National Biodiversity Authority 5th Floor, TICEL Biopark, CSIR Road, Taramani Chennai – 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India Website: http://nbaindia.org/cebpol/ Layout and Design N. Singaram IT Executive, CEBPOL Disclaimer: This publications is prepared as an initiative under CEBPOL programme. All the views expressed in this publication are based on established legal principles. Any error or lapse is purely unintended and inconsequential and shall not make either the NBA or the CEBPOL liable for the same. Some pictures and images included in this publication are sourced from public domain. This publications is purely for non- commercial purposes including awareness creation and capacity building. Acknowledgements The success and final outcome of this document required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely privileged to thank them all. I personally thank Dr. B. Meenakumari, Chairperson, National Biodiversity Authority (NBA), and Shri T. Rabi Kumar, Secretary, NBA for their constant support, guidance and encouragement, which made me to bring out the document duly. I would also like to thank Dr. C.R. Babu, Director of the Centre for EnvironmentalManagement of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE), University of Delhi, Dr, K.V.Sankaran former director, KFRI, Dr. R.M. Kathiresan, Professor, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University, Anjana Dewanji and Achyut Kumar Banerjee, Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, Dr.M.N.V. Prasad,University of Hyderabad, Telangana and Dr. Steve Adkins, School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Australia, provided me lot of literatures and encouragement. I am also thankful to Dr. Rupam Mandal, Program Manager and colleagues at the Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) for their comments. Special thanks to Mr. N. Singaram, IT Executive, CEBPOL, NBA, Chennai, for his kind cooperation and encouragement and also for helping in designing the cover photo and layout. S. Sandilyan Contents I. Strategy to control the worst invasive alien plant species reported in India ........................... 1 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Strategies for the management of invasive alien plant species found in ............................ 1 different ecosystems II. Management and control of Prosopis juliflora ........................................................................ 10 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 10 2. Biology of P. juliflora ............................................................................................................ 11 3. Impacts of P. juliflora ........................................................................................................... 13 4. Management ....................................................................................................................... 14 a. Mechanical Control Methods ........................................................................................ 15 b. Biological Control .......................................................................................................... 15 c. Chemical Control ........................................................................................................... 16 d. Control by Utilization ..................................................................................................... 16 e. Legislation ...................................................................................................................... 18 f. Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 19 References ........................................................................................................................ 19 III. Management and control of Parthenium hysterophorus ........................................................ 22 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 22 2. Biology of Parthenium hysterophorus ................................................................................. 23 3. Impacts of Parthenium hysterophorus ................................................................................ 25 4. Management ....................................................................................................................... 26 a. Mechanical Control ....................................................................................................... 26 b. Chemical Control ........................................................................................................... 27 c. Control by Utilization ..................................................................................................... 28 d. Biological Control ........................................................................................................... 28 d1. Competitive Replacement ..................................................................................... 28 d2. Bio herbicidal Approach ........................................................................................ 29 d3. Biological Control through Insects ......................................................................... 29 e. Legislation ...................................................................................................................... 31 f. Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 32 References ........................................................................................................................ 32 IV. Management and control of Mikania micrantha .................................................................... 35 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 35 2. Biology of Milania micrantha .............................................................................................. 37 3. Impacts of Milania micrantha ............................................................................................. 38 4. Management ....................................................................................................................... 39 a. Mechanical Control ....................................................................................................... 39 b. Chemical Control ........................................................................................................... 40 c. Control by Utilization ..................................................................................................... 41 d. Biological Control .......................................................................................................... 41 e. Integrated Management with Biological Control ......................................................... 41 f. Legislation ...................................................................................................................... 42 References ........................................................................................................................ 42 V. Management and control of Lantana camara ........................................................................ 44 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 44 2. Biology of Lantana camara .................................................................................................. 45 3. Impacts of Lantana camara ................................................................................................. 46 4. Management ....................................................................................................................... 47 a. Chemical Control ........................................................................................................... 47 b. Biological Control .......................................................................................................... 47 c. Control by Utilization ..................................................................................................... 48 d. Control through Legislation ........................................................................................... 48 e. Mechanical Control ........................................................................................................ 49 References ........................................................................................................................ 50 VI. Management strategies for Eichhornia crassipes .................................................................... 52 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................