THE PHENOMENON OF TRANSITIVITY IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE 2 CONTENT INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………… 3 Section 1. GENERAL CONCEPT OF TRANSITIVITY……………………. 8 Liudmyla Shytyk. CONCEPTS OF TRANSITIVITY IN LINGUISTICS……... 8 1.1. The meaning of the term «transition» and «transitivity»…………….. 8 1.2. Transitivity typology…………………………………………………... 11 1.3. The phenomenon of syncretism in the lingual plane…………………. 23 Section 2. TRANSITIVITY PHENOMENA IN THE UKRAINIAN LEXICOLOGY AND GRAMMAR…………………………………………... 39 Alla Taran. SEMANTIC TRANSITIVITY IN VOCABULARY……………… 39 Iryna Melnyk. TRANSPOSITIONAL PHENOMENA IN THE PARTS OF SPEECH SYSTEM……………………………………………………………… 70 Mykhailo Vintoniv. SYNCRETISM IN THE SYSTEM OF ACTUAL SENTENCE DIVISION………………………………………………………… 89 Section 3. TRANSITIVITY IN AREAL LINGUISTIC……………………... 114 Hanna Martynova. AREAL CHARAKTERISTIC OF THE MID-UPPER- DNIEPER DIALECT IN THE ASPECT OF TRANSITIVITY……………….... 114 3.1. Transitivity as areal issue……………………………………………… 114 3.2. The issue of boundary of the Mid-Upper-Dnieper patois…………….. 119 3.3. Transitive patois of Podillya-Mid-Upper-Dnieper boundary…………. 130 Tetiana Tyshchenko. TRANSITIVE PATOIS OF MID-UPPER-DNIEPER- PODILLYA BORDER………………………………………………………….. 147 Tetiana Shcherbyna. MID-UPPER-DNIEPER AND STEPPE BORDER DIALECTS……………………………………………………………………… 167 Section 4. THE PHENOMENA OF SYNCRETISM IN HISTORICAL PROJECTION…………………………………………………………………. 198 Vasyl Denysiuk. DUALIS: SYNCRETIC DISAPPEARANCE OR OFFICIAL NON-RECOGNITION………………………………………………………….. 198 Oksana Zelinska. LINGUAL MEANS OF THE REALIZATION OF GENRE- STYLISTIC SYNCRETISM OF A UKRAINIAN BAROQUE SERMON……. 218 3 INTRODUCTION In modern linguistics, the study of complex systemic relations and language dynamism is unlikely to be complete without considering the transitivity. Traditionally, transitivity phenomena are treated as a combination of different types of entities, formed as a result of the transformation processes or the reflection of the intermediate, syncretic facts that characterize the language system in the synchronous aspect. The need for the complex analysis of transitivity phenomena is explained by the typological description complexity, the differences in terminology and in the ambiguity of the status that transitional entities have in the language system. Up to now, no established definition of transitivity is available, which creates an important issue for the further exploration of the modern linguistics. The topic of transitivity is potentially relevant for a comprehensive study of the transitivity issue in the Ukrainian language due to some reasons. For example, there are some certain limitations related to theoretical aspects of transitivity. Furthermore, it is necessary to analyze typical and transitional formations in order to investigate systemic nature of linguistic phenomena. Various aspects of transient phenomena caused their terminological synonymy. The syncretically marked units are nominated according to the language levels namely phonetic, lexical, morphological, and syntactic. The phonetic domain is characterized by such terms as transitivity, syncretism, neutralization, and substitution. In lexicology, synchronous transitivity or syncretism is treated in two ways: as positionally conditioned neutralization of meanings and as diffusion. At the morphological level, two groups of terms are distinguished. One group of terms used to denote transitivity phenomena includes transposition, translation, transformation, derivation, conversion, substitution, and homonymy. Another group of terms is used to nominate linguistic units formed by the transition of words from one part of speech to another and includes syncretic words (hybrid words and contaminants) and functional homonyms. In the syntactic 4 domain, the phenomenon of transitivity is nominated by such terms as transposition, transformation, diffusivity, syntactic derivation, and contamination. This monograph presents a broad understanding of transitivity as a language universal property, that reflecting the systemic interplay and interaction between linguistic facts combines them into a coherent system. In view of this, the term «transitivity» used in Eastern Slavic linguistics becomes a generic term. Its formal variations are diachronous transitivity and synchronous transitivity, or syncretism. Structurally, the monograph contains four chapters. Chapter 1 «General Notion of Transitivity» provides an analytical overview of the existing theoretical concepts of transitivity, outlines a broad understanding of transitivity as a multi- dimensional phenomenon, and clarifies the classification criteria. Transitivity concepts are grouped into two groups based on the time aspect that characterizes the study of this phenomenon: only in diachrony that is, in historical development for a long time or in diachrony and synchrony – within a certain period of time. We proved the necessity to distinguish the language transitivity (synchronous transitivity, or syncretism) and the transitivity of language historical development (diachronic transitivity). The phenomenon of synchronous transitivity is represented in its multidimensional description by the following parameters: intra- level // multi-level, intra-rank // multi-rank, common-category // multi-category. Chapter 2 «Transitivity Phenomena in the Ukrainian Lexicology and Grammar» analyzes the vivid manifestations of semantic transitivity in vocabulary. Based on the new conceptual aspects with the functional-categorical focus, the transitivity of the parts of speech and the syncretism in the communicative level of the sentence are characterized. The inter-type and intra-category transition, that is, the transition of relative adjectives in qualitative adjectives is characterized; the dynamics of the semantic structure is analyzed; regular metaphorical transferences are investigated. Particular attention is paid to the socio-political lexicon, which reflects the views of modern society, expresses the speakers’ attitude to the realities and phenomena of the present and illustrates their evaluation. The nominative and communicative 5 activity of modern qualitative adjectives and political metaphors are described. The use of such lexemes indicates the speakers’ willingness to update expressive means, which is consistent with their constructive principle of avoiding the cliché. According to the semantic-morphological-syntactic concept of the five- component system of parts of speech, five types of transpositions are distinguished including: substantiation, verbalization, adjectivation, adverbialization and numeralization, which are represented in syntactic, morphological and semantic manifestations. When identifying nominal, verbal, adjectival, adverbial and numeral varieties of these transposition types the original parts of speech vocabulary was taken into account. The peculiarities of syncretism that characterize the actual division of a sentence into parts of a sentence are clarified. The system of theme- and rhema identifiers in the structure of a sentence is established; the factors that generate syncretism in the communicative aspect of the sentence are distinguished; the transitional formations that appear between the theme and the rhema in modern Ukrainian are analyzed. Chapter 3 «Transitivity in Areal Linguistics» describes transitivity in arealogy and distinguishes transitional speech patterns on the periphery of the Mid- Dnieper dialect of the southeastern dialect of the Ukrainian language, substantiates their status and distinctiveness on the phonetics level. According to the vocabulary materials, the features of the transitional patois within the Podolian-Middle-Dnieper borders are characterized. They appeared due to the constant contacts of the two dialectical systems that belong to different dialects of the Ukrainian language. The lexical system of transitive patios is a living language organism in which synonymy, homonymy, semantic variants of lexemes are developed. The multiple-dialect application of transitional patois vocabulary in different thematic groups resulted in creating synonyms, narrowing or extending the lexeme semantics. Preserving archaic lexemes, lexical contamination, functioning of the new lexemes that are foreign to the neighboring dialects, an increase in the number of prosthetic consonants, hyperactic phenomena 6 at the phonetic level, accent variations and grammar changes make up the group of specific local phenomena that do not concern any of the interacting dialects. Also, the areal of the Mid-Upper-Dnieper and Steppe dialect border is investigated. It is proved to be heterogeneous, that is, the patois of the eastern part of this area are qualified as mixed-transitional where the bulk of the lexis is made up of the Mid- Upper-Dnieper dialect, and the patois in the western part are considered to be transitional of the Mid-Upper-Dnieper-Podolian type. Chapter 4 «The Phenomena of Syncretism in Historical Projection» tackles syncretism manifested in the written Ukrainian language in the 17th and 18th centuries. It also covers the problem of how the Ukrainian language dualis forms function. An analysis of the empirical base revealed that the «dualis» disappeared in the 16th century due to its syncretization by the plural form. These conclusions are based mostly on business style texts analysis. The involvement of different- genre written texts, attention to the quantitative representation of «dualis» contexts made it possible to reach somewhat different conclusions.