A Bridge over Turbulent Waters An Historical Analysis of the Australia-Indonesia Relationship through the Lens of Irregular Migration Carly Gordyn February 2020 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University © Copyright by Carly Gordyn 2020 All Rights Reserved - - Declaration This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. To the best of the author’s knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text. Carly Gordyn February 2020 - i - For Dedo, who always encouraged me to be a Doctor (I’m not sure this is the kind he had in mind) and without his brainings this would not be possible – and for Baba, of course: Evoga. - ii - Acknowledgments As the years went by, I mentally drafted multiple versions of these acknowledgments as a way to visualise my completion of this PhD, something which, at many times, I wasn’t sure I could actually do. Now the moment has arrived and I am completely overwhelmed and lost for words. This is a good segue, actually, because if there was ever a time I have struggled with words I could always count on the advice from my supervisor and chair of panel, Associate Professor Luke Glanville. Luke has an incredible way of crafting the written word, which is a talent I have no doubt he was born with and something which one can only hope to learn. He has been the only one to walk this journey with me right from Day One. Thank you, Luke, for sticking with me right from the start and seeing this through to the end, for believing in me and in this project, especially at the times when I did not. For always finding kind things to say and for being my biggest fan, thank you! I was fortunate to have a wonderful panel of advisors. Dr Benjamin Zala, who, as it turns out, was the Frodo in this story and the completion of this thesis was the Mordor. Infinite thanks for getting me to Mordor, Ben! Thank you also for the endless supply of cheer and enthusiasm, its infectious and appreciated! I am immensely grateful for your willingness to not only jump on board but also really invest in this project, thank you for all your help! Professor Bina D’Costa and Associate professor Jacinta O’Hagan, thank you for supporting this project and encouraging me to see it through. Thank you to Dr Benjamin Day, who was like a big brother to me even before I had started my PhD. I was only applying for the PhD program when he was in his first year and already offering me advice. He was a colleague and mentor before officially joining my panel, and all the while a wonderful friend. Ben you have been super perceptive, proactive and attentive to not only my project, but also my physical, mental, and spiritual health, for this, and unlimited borrowing access to your personal library, I cannot thank you enough. Thank you also to my “cheer squad” – those who met me on this journey when I needed them most, and who graciously volunteered their time and efforts to reading drafts and encouraging me over the finish line: Professor Michael Leach, Professor Peter McCawley, Dr Don Greenlees and Professor Virginia Hooker. Thank you for your time and wisdom, and for being passionate about the next generation of scholars and Indonesianists. Thanks also to Dr Devin Bowles and Professor David Scott FitzGerald for their guidance and encouragement. I am not sure any of you could ever know how much your time and attention meant to me, thank you again. I would like to thank the supportive members of the IR department, both current and former. Thank you to all those who attended our Women of IR sessions and formed a supportive community. Thank you especially to Professor Emerita Lorraine Elliott, who has been a wonderful role model and mentor to myself and the women of our department. Thank you for your generous time and care, Lorraine, your support was invaluable and will never be forgotten. Thank you to Marylou Hickey, whose presence alone warms our department. Thank you to Assistant Professor Vanessa Newby who has always been supportive intellectually, mentally and emotionally, even at a distance. Thank you to Dr Matt Davies, who has supported me at various stages from HDR convener to the Head of Department. Thanks to Dr Maria Tanyag and Dr Claire Benn for the support, and to Associate Professor Cian O’Driscoll, who, with impeccable timing, helped me survive the final sprint to the finish line. Thank you all for your support! I would like to extend this thanks to the supportive members of the wider ANU community. Especially to Dr Garth Pratten and Di Storey, who were proactive supporters of all the Bell School’s PhD students. Under their management of the PhD program I felt fully supported by my school and equipped with the resources and facilities to finish. Thank you to Associate Professor Inger Mewburn and Victoria Firth-Smith, Dr Cally Guerin, Alexander Van Der Meer Simo, Danny Kenny and all those who facilitated ANU Thesis Boot Camp, TBC Veteran’s Writing Days and Shut Up and Write sessions. For creating and nurturing that vital sense of community while also encouraging words on a page, thank you. To all the members, current and former, of the Bell School Writers’ Group: David Oakeshott, Dr Meabh Cryan, Dr Anna Samson, Dr Timothea Turnbull, Tereza Kobelkova, Anita Togolo, Shaun Gessler, Dr Gerard McCarthy, and Dr Niamatullah Ibrahimi. Thank you for your critical and constructive eyes, and for your friendship, no less. - iii - Thanks especially to my community on the other side of the world: Maaike Derksen, Sara Respati, Lukas Maximilian Müller, Yasmin Khan, TJ Hughes and Katha Peters. To my own PhD cohort, I am extremely grateful for your company and collegiality throughout the whole process, to name but a few: Dr Gail Ma, Dr Ruji Auethavornpipat, Dr Richard Salmons, Dr Caitlin Mollica, Sophie Saydan, Naomi Atkins, Dr Alana Moore, Dr Claire Cronin, Kerri Ng, Zohra Akhter, Astari Daenuwy, Annebelle Davis, Bhavani Kannan, Susan Hutchinson, Myra Mentari, Ristiyan Supriyanto, Gatra Priyandita, and Nicola Mathieson. Gail and Sophie, thank you for being my much-needed big sisters and amazing office mates! Astari Daenuwy, kakak, thank you for being by my side in the craziest of all times. Your friendship, strength and smiling face has made these last few months not only bearable, but enjoyable. Thank you for sharing the laughter and the tears, and the laughter that became tears. I could not have done this without you, and your role in this will never be forgotten. My story of submission will always be marked fondly with memories of you. Terima kasih, kakak. I am very grateful to the ANU for the opportunities I have been afforded. I wish to acknowledge the ANU for the Vice Chancellor’s Travel Grant and the Ruth Daroesman Study Grant. None of this would be possible without the Research Training Program Stipend Scholarship, nor without the Australian government’s funding for education and fee offset which makes further education possible for first-in- family students like myself. I am also deeply appreciative of the Australian Government’s Endeavour Research Fellowship and opportunities this brought about. I wish to extend my immeasurable gratitude to the institutions which hosted me and conferences that inspired me. Thank you to my hosts at the CSIS in Jakarta, Bapak Jusuf Wanandi, Ibu Clara Joewono, Christine Susanna Tjhin and Lina Alexandra; at the CRS at York University in Toronto Professor Jennifer Hyndman, Johanna Reynolds, Michele Millard and all those in the CRS Summer School; all those at the Habibie Centre in Jakarta; Professor David Cantor and all those involved with the RLI at the University of London; the organisers and participants of the PhD Research Colloquium at the University of Essex and the International Conference for Human Rights, Multiculturalism, and Migration at the University of Jember; and those at the 2019 UQ Theory Forum. Thank you also to the friendly, helpful staff at the National Archives of Australia and at the UNHCR archives in Geneva. There are, of course, plenty outside of academia to whom I am indebted. For all friends and family who generously donated and provided food and caffeine, thank you, and I owe you! Mariana, Ashley, Patty and Tim, I am so grateful for your support. To my family, my mum and my dad, who were patient with me and never stopped me following my dreams, thank you for believing in me and raising me to be capable of this. Thank you to my Nanna and to Baba and Dedo, who offered unconditional love and support and encouragement, and who have only cared for my happiness. Dedo, you had always told me to become a doctor and to put my energy into my studies: evoga. Thanks Jeanie for the wheels which saw me safely home on late nights. Thank you to every one of my housemates over the years for your comfort and support, thank you Jag and Joel for being my family and making Canberra home. And to my rocks, those who sent me meals, care packages, picked up the phone and called, washed my clothes and fixed the house, who allowed me to be weak and pushed me onwards, this is for you and because of you: my cousin Sarah Simic, my Aunty Kris and Uncle Tim Lance.