this project is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund Eu project COASTANCE FINAL REPORT phase C Component 4 Territorial Action Plans for coastal protection and management Formulation of territorial Action Plans for coastal protection and management 96 95 94 93 PARTNERSHIP Region of Eastern Macedonia & Thrace (GR) - Lead Partner Regione Lazio (IT) Region of Crete (GR) Département de l’Hérault (FR) Regione Emlia-Romagna (IT) Junta de Andalucia (ES) The Ministry of Communications & Works of Cyprus (CY) Dubrovnik Neretva County Regional Development Agency (HR) a publication edit by Direzione Generale Ambiente e Difesa del Suolo e della Costa Servizio Difesa del Suolo, della Costa e Bonifica responsibles Roberto Montanari, Christian Marasmi - Servizio Difesa del Suolo, della Costa e Bonifica editor and graphic Christian Marasmi authors Roberto Montanari, Christian Marasmi - Regione Emilia-Romagna, Servizio Difesa del Suolo, della Costa e Bonifica Mentino Preti, Margherita Aguzzi, Nunzio De Nigris, Maurizio Morelli - ARPA Emilia-Romagna, Unità Specialistica Mare e Costa Maurizio Farina - Servizio Tecnico Bacino Po di Volano e della Costa Michael Aftias, Eleni Chouli - Ydronomi, Consulting Engineers Philippe Carbonnel, Alexandre Richard - Département de l’Hérault INDEX Background and strategic framework 2 The COASTANCE project 6 Component 4 strategy framework 8 Component 4 results: coastal and sediment management plans 10 Relevance of project’s outputs and results in the EU policy framework and perspectives 10 Limits and difficulties encountered in implementation and development opportunities 11 Formulation of Coastal Protection and Management 14 Plans in the Pilot site: Region of East Macedonia and Thrace General characteristics of REMTH coastline 14 Selection of the pilot site 17 Characteristics of the pilot site: Kariani beach 20 Sedimentary Microcells and erosion/accretion rates 22 Socio economic characteristics of the pilot site 27 Transportation infrastructure/Social infrastructure/Local industrial buildings 28 Illustration of policy options assumed in relation to pilot site specific characteristics 29 Objectives for coastal stretches geometry arrangement 30 Program of interventions, including priorities, with project preliminary indications 31 Estimation of economic resources needed 33 Indication on sustainable exploitation of sediment stocks 34 Indication for possible upgrading of policies and intervention for river solid transport 35 enhancement and subsidence mitigation Formulation of Coastal Protection and Management 36 Plans in the Pilot site: Region of Crete General characteristics of Crete coastline 36 Selection of the pilot site 38 Characteristics of the pilot site: Keratokampos 38 Socio-economic characteristics of Crete/Keratokampos pilot site 43 Social infrastructure/Transportation infrastructure 43 Illustration of policy options assumed in relation to pilot site specific characteristics 43 Objectives for coastal stretches geometry arrangement 45 Program of interventions, including priorities, with project preliminary indications 46 Estimation of economic resources needed 47 Indication on sustainable exploitation of sediment stocks 48 Formulation of Coastal Protection and Management 50 Plans in the Pilot site: The Ministry of Communications & Works of Cyprus General characteristics of Cyprus coastline 50 Selection of the pilot site 52 Characteristics of the pilot site 52 Sedimentary sub-cells 54 Critical coastal sub-cells and areas exposed at risk by erosion and submersion 57 Beach sediment characterization 58 Socio-economic characteristics of the pilot site 59 Illustration of policy options assumed in relation to pilot site specific characteristics 60 Objectives for coastal stretches geometry arrangement 61 Program of interventions, including priorities, with project preliminary indications 62 Estimation of economic resources needed 62 Indication on sustainable exploitation of sediment stocks 63 Indication for possible upgrading of policies and intervention for river solid transport 64 enhancement and subsidence mitigation Formulation of Coastal Protection and Management 66 Plans: Département de l’Hérault Actual state-of-the-art of coastal zone and critical stretches 66 Illustration of policy options assumed in relation to site specific characteristics 67 Objectives for coastal stretches geometry arrangement 67 Program of interventions, including priorities, with project preliminary indications 68 Estimation of economic resources needed 69 Indication on sustainable exploitation of sediment stocks 70 Good practices for beach sediments sustainable management 71 Management plan organization 71 Propositions for the sediments management plan of the Gulf of Lion 76 Formulation of Coastal Protection and Management 80 Plans: Emilia-Romagna Region Coastal setup and management policies 80 Beach sediment management 82 Off-shore sources 84 On-shore sources away from coastal system 86 On-shore sand sources 90 Knowledge reorganisation for the development of shared management tools: SICELL 99 Significative stretches and maps of the relation between interventions and sources 101 Program of interventions, including priorities based on critical zones 115 Analysis and remodulation proposals fro coastal defence works 116 Policies encouraging river solid transport 123 Actions aimed at the reduction of subsidence 124 Conclusions, capitalisation perspectives and networking 125 Bibliografy 130 COASTANCE Component 4 - Phase C report Background and strategic framework The coastal zones are subjected to the erosion IPCC estimates that by 2020, due to Climate Chan- phenomena generated by the action of waves and ge, 50% of Europe’s coastal wetlands will disappear accentuated by sea level rise. These natural proces- as a result of sea level rise, at a cost of 5,400 mi€/ ses, that affect in particular low and sandy littorals, year. are amplified by severe events, storms and locally Climate change effects (increasing frequency and combined “high water” phenomena which can be magnitude of sea storm events, sea level rise, etc.) also the cause of marine flooding. have major impacts on low sandy coastal zones, the 25 million people in 1950 70 million in year 2000 Increase of anthropic pressure, More than 90 million in 2025 loss of coastal resilience 584 coastal cities today cities were 318 in 1950 Source: JRC Plan Bleu 2005 Frequency/intensity of sea The Mediterranean watershed (sketch storms, high water events,… Sea Level Rise (2025 -2100) Increase of erosive phenomena and marine ingression events Loss of river solid transport (90% lost in the last 50 years) Subsidence Coastal erosion and flooding represent a major th- ones that “unluckily” also have the most attractive reat for the wellbeing and prosperity of the 70mi appeal for human settlements, tourism and econo- Europeans living within 500m from the coastline mic activities. For the whole Mediterranean basin, it and their assets of 500-1000 bi€. The increase of is estimated (Plan Bleu 2006 and 2008 reports) that seriously impacted areas due to erosion is estima- in year 2025 the total population in the coastal re- ted to be 15 km2/year in the next period. The UN- gions will rise up to 174 million inhabitants (about 2 COASTANCE Component 4 - Phase C report 31 million more that in year 2000). ways existed and throughout ages has contributed Global warming is expected to have strong long- to shape Europe’s coastlines, but there is now evi- term impacts on the Mediterranean basin with the dence that today erosion is far from being a natural intensification of extreme climatic events and a process only. warming of less than 1°C by 2025. These processes and related risks are worsened by The Mediterranean basin is identified by the Inter- the “artificialisation” of coastal areas and the un- national Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a “hot correct use of vulnerable territories for the deve- spot” and “most at risk from flooding, coastal ero- lopment of tourism and urban areas. It is the case sion and further land degradation” (COM (2009) of the Gulf of Lion coastline whose sedimentary 466 - 11/09/2009). transit was strongly disturbed since its recent de- Sea level rise will have a more threatening impacts velopment, or the case of Emilia-Romagna coast- depending on coastal site-specific characteristics line widely urbanised and structured for tourism where combination with local erosion trends or purposes, where loss sediment alimentation (from subsidence phenomena (land lowering driven by na- rivers) and subsidence phenomena are causing re- tural and/or anthropogenic causes) can determine levant problems. severe flood risks and crisis. Human interventions on the coast, attempting to According to the EC EUROSION study initiative, the remedy suffering situations, have been heavily ba- regulatory EIA framework and the knowledge-based sed on a static engineered response, whereas the traditional measures to control the erosion have coast is in, or goes towards, a dynamic equilibrium. been weak or inappropriate. Hard coastal structures (e.g. breakwaters, seawal- The increasing erosion phenomena and marine ls, groynes) are built and persist because they pro- flooding risks arising in the Mediterranean on the tect urbanised areas, expensive properties or in- mid-long term related to the climate change effects frastructures, but they often relocate the problem (sea level rising, extreme storm events, increasing down-drift or anyway to another part of the coast. frequency and intensity