111 INTERMEDIATE SPANISH: 2 3 A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13 4111 Intermediate Spanish comprises an accessible and practical grammar with 5 related exercises in a single volume. 6 This text is designed for learners who have achieved basic proficiency and 7 wish to progress to more complex language. Each of the units combines 8 concise grammar explanations with examples and exercises to help build 9 confidence and fluency. 2011 Features include: 1 2 • clear explanations of Spanish grammar 3 • cross-referencing throughout 4 • helpful tips on learning specific grammar points 5 • cultural briefs at the end of each unit, providing examples of the 6 grammar in use as well as an insight into contemporary Spanish and 7 Latin American culture 8 9 Suitable for students learning with or without a teacher, Intermediate Spanish, 3011 together with its sister volume Basic Spanish, forms a structured course in 1 the essentials of Spanish grammar. 2 3 Irene Wilkie and Carmen Arnaiz are both Senior Lecturers in Spanish and 4 Linguistics at the University of the West of England, Bristol. 5 6 7 8 9 4011 1 2 3 41111 111 Titles of related interest published by Routledge: 2 3 Basic Spanish: A Grammar and Workbook 4 Carmen Arnaiz and Irene Wilkie 5 Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide 6 Juan Kattán-Ibarra and Christopher J. Pountain 7 8111 Modern Spanish Grammar Workbook 9 Juan Kattán-Ibarra and Irene Wilkie 1011 1 Spanish: An Essential Grammar 2 Peter T. Bradley and Ian MacKenzie 3 Colloquial Spanish 4 Untza Otaola Alday 5 6 Colloquial Spanish 2 7 Untza Otaola Alday 8 Colloquial Spanish of Latin America 9 Roberto Rodriguez-Saona 2011 1 Colloquial Spanish of Latin America 2 2 Roberto Rodriguez-Saona 3 4 Other titles available in the Grammar Workbook series are: 5 6 Basic Cantonese 7 Intermediate Cantonese 8 9 Basic Chinese 3011 Intermediate Chinese 1 Basic German 2 Intermediate German 3 4 Basic Italian 5 Basic Polish 6 Intermediate Polish 7 8 Basic Russian 9 Intermediate Russian 4011 Basic Spanish 1 Intermediate Spanish 2 3 Basic Welsh 41111 Intermediate Welsh 111 2 INTERMEDIATE SPANISH: 3 4 5 A GRAMMAR AND 6 7 WORKBOOK 8 9 1011 1 222 Irene Wilkie and Carmen Arnaiz 13 4111 5 6 7 8 9 2011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4011 1 2 3 41111 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 First published 2008 by Routledge 1011 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RN 1 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada 2 by Routledge 3 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 4 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 5 6 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. 7 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s 8 collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” 9 © 2008 Irene Wilkie and Carmen Arnaiz 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted 1 or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, 2 mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, 3 including photocopying and recording, or in any information 4 storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing 5 from the publishers. 6 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 7 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 9 Arnaiz, Carmen. 3011 Intermediate Spanish: a grammar and workbook/Carmen Arnaiz and Irene Wilkie. 1 p. cm. 2 1. Spanish language – Textbooks for foreign speakers – English. 3 2. Spanish language – Verb. 3. Spanish language – Grammar. 4 I. Wilkie, Irene. II. Title. 5 468.2′421––dc22 PC4112.A785 2007 2006102524 6 7 ISBN 0-203-00159-1 Master e-book ISBN 8 9 4011 ISBN10: 0–415–35502–8 (pbk) 1 ISBN10: 0–203–0059–1 (ebk) 2 ISBN13: 978–0–415–35502–5 (pbk) 3 ISBN13: 978–0–203–00159–2 (ebk) 41111 111 CONTENTS 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13 4111 Introduction vii 5 6 7 Unit 1 Expressions of time 1 8 9 Unit 2 The passive 7 2011 Unit 3 Verbs with prepositions 15 1 2 Unit 4 The present subjunctive 24 3 4 Unit 5 Imperatives 35 5 Unit 6 Subjunctive after verbs of influence 45 6 7 Unit 7 Subjunctive after verbs of emotion 52 8 9 Unit 8 Subjunctive after impersonal expressions 58 3011 Unit 9 The imperfect subjunctive 65 1 2 Unit 10 Subjunctive in expressions of time 73 3 4 Unit 11 Subjunctive after certain conjunctions 80 5 Unit 12 Subjunctive in relative clauses 87 6 7 Unit 13 Subjunctive to express doubt or denial 94 8 9 Unit 14 The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive 101 4011 1 Unit 15 The conditional and the conditional perfect 107 2 Unit 16 Conditional sentences 114 3 41111 Unit 17 Indefinite expressions 121 vi Contents 111 Unit 18 Relatives 130 2 3 Unit 19 Por and para 138 4 Unit 20 Position of adjectives 146 5 6 7 Key to exercises 155 8111 9 Glossary of grammatical terms 181 1011 Index 184 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4011 1 2 3 41111 111 INTRODUCTION 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13 4111 This is the follow-up to Basic Spanish by the same authors and follows the 5 same format – grammatical explanations, exercises with answer key and 6 cultural briefs to encourage reading comprehension and give a wider cultural 7 understanding of Spanish-speaking countries. It should be useful to those 8 with a sound understanding of basic grammar who now wish to move on to 9 more advanced structures. The grammar is introduced in a clear, accessible 2011 way with grammatical explanations kept to a minimum, and a Glossary of 1 grammatical terms is included for reference. This volume is not intended 2 to be a comprehensive grammar book containing all exceptions and minor 3 idiosyncracies of the language – students should consult a grammar book 4 such as Modern Spanish Grammar (Kattán-Ibarra and Pountain), also 5 published by Routledge, for a full explanation. 6 The vocabulary used is contemporary and focuses predominantly on 7 peninsular Spanish, but the cultural briefs contain information about Latin 8 American countries and cultures. A vocabulary list for reading texts is 9 provided at the end of each unit, but you may need to consult a good 3011 bilingual dictionary for some of the vocabulary used in the exercises. An 1 answer key to all exercises can be found at the end of the book. 2 This book will be useful to students wishing to study independently to 3 improve their command of more complex structures in Spanish and will also 4 provide a useful grammatical accompaniment to a more communicative, 5 teacher-led course. 6 7 8 9 4011 1 2 3 41111 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 1011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4011 1 2 3 41111 111 2 UNIT ONE 3 4 Expressions of time 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13 4111 There are a number of constructions which are used in Spanish to express 5 relationships in time between different actions, i.e. when one action took 6 place in relation to another. 7 The most straightforward of these are the ones which use the infinitive. 8 For example: 9 2011 antes de + infinitive before . ing 1 2 Antes de salir, apagamos la tele. 3 Before leaving, we switched off the TV. 4 5 después de + infinitive after . ing 6 7 Después de terminar el trabajo, fuimos al cine. 8 After finishing the work, we went to the cinema. 9 3011 al + infinitive on . ing 1 2 Al ver la hora, salimos en seguida. 3 On seeing the time, we left immediately. 4 5 acabar de + infinitive to have just . 6 7 Acabamos de cenar. 8 We have just had supper. 9 4011 NB: acabar can be used in the imperfect tense with the meaning ‘had just 1 ...’ 2 3 Acababa de llegar. 41111 I had just arrived. 2 Unit 1: Expressions of time 111 When we want to express an action which started in the past and is still 2 going on, e.g. 3 4 I have been reading the newspaper for two hours 5 (and I am still reading it) 6 7 there are three possible constructions which we can use in Spanish, all of 8111 which require a present tense – the logic being that the action is still going 9 on, therefore the most appropriate tense is the present. 1011 These constructions are very different from English and need to be 1 studied carefully. 2 3 4 Present tense of the verb + desde hace + length of time 5 Example: Estudio el español desde hace tres años. 6 I have been studying Spanish for three years. 7 8 9 hace + length of time + present tense of the verb 2011 Example: Hace tres años que estudio el español. 1 I have been studying Spanish for three years.