Accelerating C-V2X commercialization Shaping the future of automotive Connecting vehicles to everything Transforming the in-vehicle experience Paving the road to autonomous driving 2 Unified connectivity with C-V2X Paving the road to tomorrow’s autonomous vehicles 3D mapping and precise positioning Offering essential technologies for the connected car platform Autonomous car Power optimized processing On-board for the vehicle intelligence Fusion of information from multiple sensors/sources 3 5G unified connectivity Vehicle - to - pedestrian Intelligently connecting the car to cloud and AR/VR Vehicle-to-infrastructure Teleoperation HD video surroundings 3D HD live map updates Vehicle-to-network Vehicle-to-vehicle 4 Continuous V2X technology evolution required And careful spectrum planning to support this evolution Advanced safety Evolution to 5G, while maintaining backward compatibility C-V2X R16 (building upon R14) Higher throughput Wideband ranging Enhanced safety and positioning C-V2X R14/15 Higher reliability Lower latency Basic safety Enhanced range and reliability 802.11p or C-V2X R14 Established foundation for V2X 5 Evolving C-V2X towards 5G for autonomous driving D2D Enhanced Autonomous communications safety driving R12/13 C-V2X R14 (Ph. I) C-V2X R15 (Ph. II) C-V2X R16 5G NR support (Ph. III) (Advanced safety applications) Established foundation Enhanced communication’s range Ultra-reliable, low latency, high throughput for basic D2D comm. and reliability for V2X safety communication for autonomous driving Network independent No Yes Yes Communications1 Broadcast only Broadcast only Broadcast + Unicast/Multicast High speed support No Yes Yes High density support No Yes Yes Throughput High throughput for enhanced safety Ultra-high throughput Latency Low latency for enhanced safety applications Ultra-low latency Reliability Reliability for enhanced safety application Ultra-high reliability Positioning No Share positioning information Wideband ranging and positioning 1. PHY/MAC communications; R16 is still under development 6 C-V2X is a critical component for safer autonomous driving Communicating intent and sensor data even in challenging real world conditions Non line-of-sight sensing Conveying intent Situational awareness Provides 360˚ NLOS awareness, works at Shares intent, sensor data , and path Offers increased electronic horizon to support night and in bad weather conditions planning info for higher level of predictability soft safety alerts and graduated warning Reduced speed ahead Road Sudden hazard lane change Queue warning/ shockwave damping Blind intersection/vulnerable road user (VRU) alerts 7 High precision positioning is key for V2X operation Precise positioning Accurate time info Use GNSS along with precise Using GNSS as a primary positioning services to get source of time synchronization GNSS <1 meter accuracy Velocity Heading Velocity Accurate speed derived Accurate heading derived directly from GNSS directly from GNSS Heading positioning calculation positioning calculation Time Position Position Time Heading Velocity 8 Enhancing positioning on multiple fronts More Anywhere, More frequently accurate anytime updated Sub-meter level accuracy (e.g. lane- Combined precise GNSS positioning with Updated very frequently to provide level accuracy) with high integrity for sensor inputs to provide accurate positioning fresh, accurate positioning information V2X and autonomous driving everywhere, including dense urban (e.g. vehicles send their most recent applications environments, parking garages and location at least every 100ms for multi-level interchanges V2X applications) 9 Evolving positioning technologies for V2X and autonomy To offer more precise positioning, anywhere, anytime Precise Ultra-precise Positioning positioning <2m positioning <<1m Navigation/emergency V2X enhanced safety Autonomous driving service/regulatory Satellite-based More precise positioning Ultra-precise positioning anywhere, navigation at higher update rates anytime for autonomy More satellites for improved accuracy and availability Extend accuracy and availability in more places w/ better sensors • GPS • Glonass • 6DOF MEMS sensors • Higher frequency => 10Hz • Multi-frequency GNSS • 2D Dead Reckoning (DR) • BDS • 3D Dead Reckoning • L1 Correction services • RF and Baseband using single axis sensors • Galileo (3D DR) • Camera VIO • Software • QZSS • Correction Services • Satellite-based • 5G NR V2X augmentation system • (SBAS) 10 On-board intelligence: C-V2X complements other sensors Providing higher level of predictability and autonomy Radar ADAS Bad weather conditions Advanced Driver V2X wireless sensor Long range See-through, 360◦ Low light situations Assistance Systems non-line of sight sensing, extended range sensing Camera Interprets objects/signs 3D HD maps Practical cost and FOV HD live map update Sub-meter level accuracy of landmarks Lidar Depth perception Brain of the car to help automate Medium range Precise positioning the driving process by using: GNSS positioning Immense compute resources Dead reckoning Ultrasonic Sensor fusion VIO Low cost Machine learning Short range Path planning 11 C-V2X Release 14 enhances range and reliability Paving the path to autonomous driving C-V2X offers key advantages in multiple dimensions Enhanced range Reuse of DSRC/C-ITS and reliability higher layers High density support High speed support C-V2X R-14 Self managed for reduced Leverage of cellular cost and complexity ecosystem Synergistic with Strong evolution path telematics platform towards 5G 13 C-V2X defines two complementary transmission modes Network communications Direct communications V2N on “Uu” interface operates in traditional V2V, V2I, and V2P on “PC5” interface1, mobile broadband licensed spectrum operating in ITS bands (e.g. ITS 5.9 GHz) independent of cellular network Uu interface PC5 interface e.g. accident 2 kilometer ahead e.g. location, speed V2I V2I (PC5) (PC5) RSU2 V2N V2N (Uu) (Uu) V2V (PC5) V2P V2P eNodeB (PC5) (PC5) 1. PC5 operates on 5.9GHz; whereas, Uu operates on commercial cellular licensed spectrum 2. RSU stands for roadside unit. 14 Network communications for latency tolerant use cases Suitable for telematics, infotainment and informational safety use case Traffic flow control/ Queue warning Discover parking and charging Cloud-based sensor sharing Road hazard warning 1 km ahead 15 Direct communications for active safety use cases Low latency communication with enhanced range, reliability, and NLOS performance 0mph Do not pass Blind curve/ Road works warning (DNPW) Local hazard warning warning Intersection movement assist Vulnerable road user (VRU) Left turn (IMA) at a blind intersection alerts at a blind intersection assist (LTA) 16 C-V2X can work without network assistance1 V2V/V2I/V2P direct communications can be self managed USIM-less C-V2X direct communications operation doesn’t require USIM Autonomous Distributed scheduling, where the Common car selects resources from resource ITS resource selection pools without network assistance frequency 2 GNSS time Besides positioning , C-V2X also uses GNSS for time synchronization Direct communications synchronization without relying on cellular networks (via PC5 interface on 5.9GHz) 1. 3GPP also defines a mode, where eNodeB helps coordinate C-V2X Direct Communication; 2. GNSS is required for V2X technologies, including 802.11p, for positioning. Timing is calculated as part of the position calculations and it requires smaller number of satellites than those needed for positioning 17 Advantages of self-managed over network-assisted Reduced cost Self-managed Doesn’t use prime licensed spectrum for (no network assistance) control, no additional network investment Increased reliability Doesn’t rely on network coverage, Direct communications doesn’t suffer from service interruption and control on PC5 during handover Reduced complexity Doesn’t rely on coordination between operators for resource assignment, Network-assisted Control Control on Uu on Uu doesn’t require subscription eNodeB Direct Communications on PC5 18 C-V2X is designed to work in ITS 5.9 GHz spectrum For vehicles to talk to each other on harmonized, dedicated spectrum C-V2X direct 3GPP support of C-V2X support in ITS band was communications ITS 5.9 GHz band added in 3GPP Release 14 C-V2X uses harmonized/common, Harmonized dedicated spectrum for vehicles to Common spectrum for safety talk to each other ITS frequency Coexistence C-V2X and 802.11p can co-exist with 802.11p by being placed on different channels in the ITS band 5GHz support began in release 13 with LAA, and expanded with release 14 for ITS 19 Fully leveraging ITS 5.9 GHz band for 5G V2X services Supporting today’s basic safety, and tomorrow’s advanced use cases Example 5.9 GHz Basic safety services 10MHz Support today’s safety use cases on small 10 MHz subset of the band (using 802.11p or C-V2X) Advanced safety / 5G V2X services (C-V2X Release 14, 15+) 70MHz 70 MHz In addition to basic safety, support advanced safety services (e.g. higher bandwidth sensor C-V2X Rel-15+ can operate in the same Rel-14 spectrum sharing and wideband ranging/positioning) 20 C-V2X reuses upper layers defined by automotive industry Applications Safety and non-safety Reuse of DSRC/C-ITS established service and app layers • Already defined by automotive and Message / Facilities layer standards communities, e.g. ETSI, SAE IEEE / ETSI / ISO Security • Developing abstraction layer to interface with Services UDP / TCP standardsother IEEE / ETSI / ISO adapt andReuse 3GPP