INCLUSION, COEXISTENCE AND RESILIENCE: KEY LESSONS LEARNED FROM INDIGENOUS LAW AND METHODOLOGY CONSELHO EDITORIAL SELO ÀGORA21 PRESIDÊNCIA Felipe Dutra Asensi Marcio Caldas de Oliveira CONSELHEIROS Adriano Rosa (USU, Rio de Janeiro) Alfredo Freitas (AMBRA, Estados Unidos) André Guasti (TJES, Vitória) Arthur Bezerra Junior (UNINOVE, São Paulo) Bruno Zanotti (PCES, Vitória) Camila Jacobs (AMBRA, Estados Unidos) Camilo Zufelato (USP, São Paulo) Carolina Cyrillo (UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro) Claudia Pereira (UEA, Manaus) Claudia Nunes (UVA, Rio de Janeiro) Daniel Giotti de Paula (Intejur, Juiz de Fora) Eduardo Val (UFF, Niterói) Fernanda Fernandes (PCRJ, Rio de Janeiro) Glaucia Ribeiro (UEA, Manaus) Jeverson Quinteiro (TJMT, Cuiabá) José Maria Gomes (UERJ, Rio de Janeiro) Luiz Alberto Pereira Filho (FBT-INEJE, Porto Alegre) Paula Arevalo Mutiz (FULL, Colômbia) Paulo Ferreira da Cunha (UP, Portugal) Pedro Ivo de Sousa (UFES, Vitória) Raúl Gustavo Ferreyra (UBA, Argentina) Ramiro Santanna (DPDFT, Brasília) Raphael Carvalho de Vasconcelos (UERJ, Rio de Janeiro) Rogério Borba (UCAM, Rio de Janeiro) Santiago Polop (UNRC, Argentina) Siddharta Legale (UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro) Tatyane Oliveira (UFPB, João Pessoa) Tereza Cristina Pinto (CGE, Manaus) Thiago Pereira (UCP, Petrópolis) Vanessa Velasco Brito Reis (PGM, Petrópolis) Vania Marinho (UEA, Manaus) Victor Bartres (Guatemala) Yolanda Tito Puca (UNMSM, Peru) REVISADO PELA COORDENAÇÃO DO SELO ÁGORA21 Giulia Parola Margherita Paola Poto INCLUSION, COEXISTENCE AND RESILIENCE: KEY LESSONS LEARNED FROM INDIGENOUS LAW AND METHODOLOGY Foreword by Paulo de Bessa Antunes GRUPO MULTIFOCO Rio de Janeiro, 2019 Copyright © 2019 Giulia Parola and Margherita Paola Poto. DIREÇÃO EDITORIAL Felipe Dutra Asensi e Marcio Caldas de Oliveira EDIÇÃO E PREPARAÇÃO Giulia Parola and Margherita Paola Poto REVISÃO Elizabeth Wallace and Apostolos Tsiouvalas PROJETO GRÁFICO E CAPA Paula Guimarães FOTO DA CAPA Brochure YoungCAS de Camilla Kottum Elmar (CAS) IMPRESSÃO E ACABAMENTO Gráfica Multifoco DIREITOS RESERVADOS A GRUPO MULTIFOCO Av. Mem de Sá, 126 - Centro 20230-152 / Rio de Janeiro, RJ Tel.: (21) 2222-3034 [email protected] www.editoramultifoco.com.br TODOS OS DIREITOS RESERVADOS. Nenhuma parte deste livro pode ser utilizada ou reproduzida sob quaisquer meios existentes sem autorização por escrito dos editores e autores. To Mother Earth, To Amazon Rainforest To all Indigenous Peoples who defend the Nature To my friends Emi and Cami! Giulia Parola This work is inspired by and dedicated to all the women who dare to dream. To Camilla, Giulia, Rebecca and Val Margherita Paola Poto TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Prof. Dr. Paulo de Bessa Antunes PART I INTRODUCTION 43. What Can We Learn from Indigenous Law And Methodology? Giulia Parola & Margherita Paola Poto PART II INCLUSION 57. Consultation of Indigenous Peoples in Mining Projects in Canada: A Scoping Review Logan S. Turner 121. Adequate Compensation in Case of Expropriation of Tribal People’s Land: The Case of Belo Monte, Brazil Arianna Porrone 181. Indigenous Participation Rights in the Arctic Council Adrian Forsgren PART III COEXISTENCE 217. From Theory to Practice: Tracing Law through the Study of Coastal Sámi Marine Tenure Apostolos Tsiouvalas 249. Effect of Legal Transplant on Customary Law in Kenya Joseph Kiplagat Sergon & James Ombaki Kirwa 273. Indigenous Law in Latin America Constitutionalism: the case of Indigenous Jury in Brazil Thaiana Conrado Nogueira, Thomaz Muylaert de Carvalho Britto and Giulia Parola PART IV RESILIENCE 315. Climate Change Implications for Mental Health in Inuit Communities: An Intersectional Perspective Elizabeth Wallace 349. Arctic Indigenous Peoples: From Climate Change Challenges to Food System Resilience Valentina De Gregorio 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The editors are deeply grateful to prof. Vigdis Broch- Due and the staff of the Centre for Advanced Studies in Oslo, for trusting our project idea; to prof. Val Napoleon and prof. Rebecca Johnson, for initiating the whole process of restoration and showing us the way for a better world; to Carol Cravero, Lara Fornabaio, Jane Murungi, Arianna Por- rone, Tahnee Prior and Logan Turner, for their precious par- ticipation during the workshop and to all the researchers that enthusiastically embraced our book proposal. They helped us persevere on a project that starts ever anew, and to take on new ways of research and investiga- tion with optimism and hope. Special thanks go to Eliza- beth Wallace for her gracious and accurate work of English proofreading and to Apostolos Tsiouvalas for the final round of editing. The editors would also like to express their profound gratitude to Prof. Paulo de Bessa Antunes for writing the foreword to this book. The editors wish to inspire and challenge readers to think differently, to create room for new ideas, and ultimately to contribute in enhancing the perception of the interconnect- edness of all things. 9 ABOUT THE EDITORS Giulia Parola is a Professor in Environmental Law and Post-doc Researcher Scholar, Master in Constitutional Law in South Amer- ica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, (Niteròi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); PhD in Environmental Law in the University of Paris V (France); LLM in the University of Iceland in International Envi- ronmental Law; Bachelor of Law, Università degli Studi di Torino (Italy) [email protected] Relevant publications: Envi- ronmental Democracy at Global Level. Rights and Duties for a new citi- zenship, Versita, London, 2013; Europe in Green: European Environ- mental Democracy, Versita, London, 2013; E. Lohse, G. Parola, M. Poto (ed. by), Participatory rights in the environmental decision making process and the implementation of the Aarhus Convention: a comparative perspective on the German and the Italian system, Duncker & Hum- blot, Berlin, 2015. Avzaradel, P., Parola, G., Val, E., Democracia Ambiental na América Latina: uma abordagem comparada. Rio de Ja- neiro, Multifoco, 2016; Avzaradel, P., Parola, G., Val, E., Questões sócio-ambientais na America Latina, Rio de Janeiro: Multifoco, 2016; G. Parola, Democracia Ambiental Global, Rio de Janeiro: Multifoco, 2017. Parola, G., Avzaradel, P. Climate change, environmental treaties and human rights. Rio de Janeiro: Multifoco, 2018 Margherita Paola Poto is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Norwe- gian Centre for the Law of the Sea (NCLOS) at UiT The Arc- tic University of Norway, Tromsø. Margherita’s research inter- ests currently cover the topics of Arctic governance and non-State 11 actors’ participation, ocean laws and quantum social science, in- digenous cosmologies and laws, gender sensitive approaches and methodologies. She has gained a deep experience in adapting in- digenous methodologies to legal research, working with some of the team members of the Indigenous Law Research Unit (ILRU) at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (the re- search was funded by the Terje and Valeri Jacobsen Stadler Foun- dation, 2017). The cooperation culminated in a project, funded by the Centre for Advanced Studies in Oslo, in 2018 (YoungCAS for Talented Scholars). A network of researchers that now exists adapts the outcome of the research in Brazil, Europe, the Arctic Region and Eastern Africa. The research group has continued to work on adapting indigenous methodologies to solving core issues such as environmental threats, migration issues, gender and equality, pro- tection of the right to food and traditional knowledge. Margherita is an ally to Indigenous Peoples and to all the Earth defenders. 12 LIST OF AUTHORS Adrian Forsgren has a Master of Laws (LL.M) from Uppsala University. Adrian has been an exchange student at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia and UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø. His master's thesis dealt with participation rights for the indigenous Saami people in Sweden. As a legal intern at the human rights organisation Civil Rights Defenders in Stockholm, Adrian gained practical experience working on enforcing the rights of indigenous Saami people, in close collaboration with an expert group representing the Saami community. Adrian is also a member of the global organisation Arctic Youth Network, focusing on the nexus between climate change, biodiversity and cultural equality. Apostolos Tsiouvalas is an Assisting Researcher at the K. G. Jebsen Center for the Law of the Sea at the University of Tromsø (UiT). His current position has included tasks for the Sami Law Research Group of the Faculty of Law at UiT as well. In addition, Apostolos is a Research Intern at The Arctic Institute, where he is working on assessing status and opportunities within Fisheries and Aquaculture in Alaska as part of the AlaskaNor project. Apostolos holds an LL.M. in Polar Law from the University of Akureyri, Iceland, and a BA in Law from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, with 12 months of exchange mobility at the University of Trier in Germany. Currently he is finalizing his second master’s degree in the field of Philosophy in Indigenous Studies. During the summer of 2018, Apostolos undertook twin internships with the Stefánsson Arctic Institute, a leading Arctic research body in 13 Iceland, and the PAME Working Group of the Arctic Council. His main research interests revolve around indigenous rights, Arctic coastal communities, small-scale fisheries and international environmental law. Arianna Porrone is a PhD candidate in Global Studies. Justice, Rights and Politics at the University of Macerata. She holds an MA in European Legal Studies and