United Nations Security Council BACKGROUND GUIDE Vancouver Model United Nations The Twentieth Annual Session | January 29–31, 2021 Dear Delegates, William Tsai Secretary-General Welcome to the United Nations Security Council! My name is Andrew Liu, and it is my pleasure to serve as your Director at VMUN 2021 alongside your Chair, Stephanie Hai. I am currently in my junior year at St. George’s School, and I have participated in Model UN since Grade 9 as both a delegate and a staff member. Reminiscing about my own Vivian Gu transformative experiences in the UNSC, I am excited to guide the fruitful debate to Director-General come. Derek Wu Model UN has been an essential part of my high school life, and I am so grateful for the Chief of Staff amazing friendships and experiences that I have gained along the way. For me, Model UN is truly the best way to encapsulate the sophistication of debate, public speaking, and Tyler Rosenzweig international affairs. My own experiences with Model UN have helped me improve my Director of Logistics public speaking skills as well as my interpersonal skills of communication and negotiation. I can assure you that you too will undergo such an enlightening experience at VMUN 2021. Joyce Chen This year, the two topics to be discussed concern that of UN Peacekeeping Malpractice USG General Assemblies and Stability in South Sudan. Our first topic concerns an internal issue that the Security Council has been grappling with, and our second topic focuses on a volatile situation in Ethan Jasny South Sudan that could change at any given moment. Certainly, both topics are critical USG Specialized Agencies issues that the Security Council has been carefully monitoring. I am eager to hear the creative solutions you will doubtlessly conceive. Vivian Liang USG Conference Bearing that in mind, I wish you all the best in your research. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me via email at [email protected]. I look forward to meeting all Jonah Ezekiel of you at the conference. USG Finance Sincerely, Laura Choi USG Communications Andrew Liu UNSC Director Armaan Jaffer USG Delegate Affairs Mia Tsao USG Delegate Affairs Position Paper Policy What is a Position Paper? A position paper is a brief overview of a country’s stance on the topics being discussed by a particular committee. Though there is no specific format the position paper must follow, it should include a description of your positions your country holds on the issues on the agenda, relevant actions that your country has taken, and potential solutions that your country would support. At Vancouver Model United Nations, delegates should write a position paper for each of the committee’s topics. Each position paper should not exceed one page, and should all be combined into a single document per delegate. For the United Nations Security Council, position papers are mandatory, especially for a delegate to be considered for an award. Formatting Position papers should: — Include the name of the delegate, his/her country, and the committee — Be in a standard font (e.g. Times New Roman) with a 12-point font size and 1-inch document margins — Not include illustrations, diagrams, decorations, national symbols, watermarks, or page borders — Include citations and a bibliography, in any format, giving due credit to the sources used in research (not included in the 1-page limit) Due Dates and Submission Procedure Position papers for this committee must be submitted by midnight on January 22nd, 2021. Once your position paper is complete, please save the file as your last name, your first name and send it as an attachment in an email, to your committee’s email address, with the subject heading as your last name, your first name — Position Paper. Please do not add any other attachments to the email or write anything else in the body. Both your position papers should be combined into a single PDF or Word document file; position papers submitted in another format will not be accepted. Each position paper will be manually reviewed and considered for the Best Position Paper award. The email address for this committee is [email protected]. UN Peacekeeping Malpractice ..................................................................................................... 3 Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Timeline ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Historical Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 6 Past UN/International Involvement .................................................................................................... 8 General Assembly Resolution 57/306 .............................................................................................................8 Security Council Resolution 2272 ...................................................................................................................8 UN Trust Fund in Support of Victims of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse .................................................8 Current Situation ................................................................................................................................... 9 Case Study: Central African Republic .......................................................................................................... 12 Case Study: South Sudan ............................................................................................................................... 12 Possible Solutions and Controversies ................................................................................................ 12 Improving the Peacekeeper Training Program .......................................................................................... 12 Overhauling the Disciplinary Process .......................................................................................................... 13 Improving Peacekeeper Mission Policy ....................................................................................................... 14 Bloc Positions........................................................................................................................................ 14 Western Liberal Democracies ....................................................................................................................... 14 Russia and China ............................................................................................................................................ 14 Asia and Africa ................................................................................................................................................ 15 Discussion Questions ........................................................................................................................... 15 Additional Resources ........................................................................................................................... 15 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 17 Stability in South Sudan ............................................................................................................ 20 Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 20 Timeline ................................................................................................................................................. 21 Historical Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 23 Past UN/International Involvement .................................................................................................. 26 United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) ................................................................................. 26 Vancouver Model United Nations 2021 1 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2206 .................................................................................... 26 Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan .................. 27 Rome Resolution on Monitoring and Verification of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement ........... 27 Current Situation ................................................................................................................................. 27 Intercommunal Violence ............................................................................................................................... 28 Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity (RTGoNU) ..................................................... 28 South Sudan Opposition Movements Alliance (SSOMA) ........................................................................ 29 Possible Solutions and Controversies ................................................................................................ 29 Renewing Sanctions ........................................................................................................................................ 29 Suspending Sanctions ....................................................................................................................................