THE TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT OF ETHNIC CONFLICT THE CASS SERIES IN REGIONAL AND FEDERAL STUDIES ISSN 1363-5670 General Editor: John Loughlin This series brings together some of the foremost academics and theorists to examine the timely subject of regional and federal issues, which have become key questions in political analysis and practice all over the world. 1. The Political Economy of Regionalism edited by Michael Keating and John Loughlin 2. The Regional Dimension of the European Union: Towards a Third Level in Europe? edited by Charlie Jeffery 3. Remaking the Union: Devolution and British Politics in the 1990s edited by Howard Elcock and Michael Keating 4. Paradiplomacy in Action: The Foreign Relations of Subnational Governments edited by Francisco Aldecoa and Michael Keating 5. The Federalization of Spain by Luis Mereno 6. Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions in Conflict edited by James Hughes and Gwendolyn Sasse 7. Region, State and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe edited by Judy Batt and Kataryna Wolczuk 8. Local Power, Territory and Institutions in European Metropolitan Regions by Bernard Jouve and Christian Lefèvre The Territorial Management of Ethnic Conflict Editor John Coakley SECOND REVISED AND EXPANDED EDITION FRANK CASS LONDON • PORTLAND, OR First published in 2003 in Great Britain by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS Crown House, 47 Chase Side, Southgate, London N14 5BP and in the United States of America by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS c/o ISBS, 5824 N.E.Hassalo Street Portland, Oregon 97213–3644 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Website http://www.frankcass.com Copyright c 2003 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The territorial management of ethnic conflict.—2nd rev. and expanded ed.—(The Cass series in regional and federal studies ; 9) 1.Ethnic relations 2.Conflict management 3.Human territoriality 4.Jurisdiction, Territorial I.Coakley, John 305.8 ISBN 0-203-50091-1 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-58258-6 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0714649880 (Print Edition) ISBN 0 7146 4988 0 (cloth) ISBN 0 7146 8051 6 (paper) ISSN 1363–5670 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: The territorial management of ethnic conflict/edited by John Coakley. —2nd rev. and expanded ed. p. cm. —(The Cass series in regional and federal studies, ISSN 1363–5670) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7146-4988-0 (cloth)—ISBN 0-7146-8051-6 (paper) 1. Ethnic conflict. 2. Conflict management. 3. Human territoriality. 4. Jurisdiction, Territorial. I. Coakley, John. II. Series. GN496 .T47 2003 305.8–dc21 2002153037 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher of this book. Contents List of Tables and Figures vii List of Maps ix Notes on Contributors x Preface to Second Edition xiii 1. Introduction 1 The Challenge John Coakley 2. Canada 22 The Case for Ethnolinguistic Federalism in a Multilingual Society Jean Laponce 3. Northern Ireland 43 Religion, Ethnic Conflict and Territoriality Joseph RuaneJennifer Todd 4. Belgium 70 From Regionalism to Federalism Liesbet Hooghe 5. South Africa 95 The Failure of Ethnoterritorial Politics Anthony EganRupert Taylor 6. Israel 114 Ethnic Conflict and Political Exchange Alex Weingrod 7. Pakistan 138 Ethnic Diversity and Colonial Legacy Charles H.Kennedy 8. Sri Lanka 166 Ethnic Strife and the Politics of Space A.Jeyeratnam Wilson vi 9. The Dissolution of the Soviet Union 191 Federation, Commonwealth, Secession Ronald J.Hill 10. The Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 221 A Case of Failed State Building? Stanislav J.Kirschbaum 11. The Dissolution of Yugoslavia 257 Secession by the Centre? Daniele Conversi 12. Conclusion 285 Towards a Solution? John Coakley Tables and Figures 1.1 A Typology of Relationships between Ethnic Groups and Ethnic 8 Territories: Four Models 1.2 Distribution of Politicized Minorities by Degree of Cohesiveness and 16 Degree of Territorial Concentration, 1999 2.1 Dominant Languages in Selected Hierarchies 28 2.2 Canada: Mother Tongue and Home Language by Province, 1991 31 2.3 Canada: Language Retention by Province, 1991 31 2.4 Canada: Mother Tongue Endogamy by Province, 1991 31 2.5 Canada: Prediction of Use of English as Respondent's Home 32 Language by Region, 1981 2.6 English Canada: Prediction of Home Language on Basis of Spouse's 35 Mother Tongue by Region, 1981 3.1 Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland: Religious Composition, 48 1911-91 4.1 Belgium: Linguistic Composition by Region, 1947 73 4.2 Belgium: Evolution of Gross Domestic Product and Gross Regional 77 Product, 1955-98 4.3 Belgium: Demographic Evolution by Region, 1947–2001 78 5.1 South Africa: Main Ethnic Groups in the Bantustans, c. 1976 98 5.2 South Africa: Main Language Groups by Province, 1996 107 6.1 Israel, Jerusalem and West Bank-Gaza Territories: Ethnic 118 Composition, 2000 7.1 Pakistan: Mother Language by Province, 1998 142 7.2 Pakistan: Domicile of Officers in the Federal Bureaucracy, 1973–86 156 7.3 Pakistan: Domicile of Officers of Secretariat Group, 1989–2001 156 7.4 Pakistan: Domicile of Senior Executives in Public Corporations, 156 1974–83 7.5 Pakistan: District Population and Predominant Languages, 1998 161 8.1 Sri Lanka: Ethnic Composition, 1981 167 8.2 Sri Lanka: Distribution of Ceylon Tamils outside the Northern and 180 Eastern Provinces, 1981 8.3 Sri Lanka: Percentage increase of Sinhalese in the Northern and 181 Eastern Provinces, 1946–82 8.4 Sri Lanka: University Admissions Based on the Standardization 185 Principle, 1971 9.1 USSR: Major National Groups, 1989 194 viii 9.2 USSR: Territorial Distribution of Principal Nationalities, 1989 197 9.3 USSR: Area and Population by Union Republic, 1979–89 200 10.1 Czechoslovakia: National Composition by Republic, 1988 227 11.1 Yugoslavia: Area and Population by Republic, 1981–91 265 11.2 Yugoslavia: National Composition by Republic, 1991 268 12.1 Duchacek's Territorial Organization Scale 286 12.2 Three Models of Ethnic Conflict 287 Maps 2.1 Canada: French Speakers by Province, 1991 29 3.1 Northern Ireland: Catholics by District, 1991 50 3.2 Northern Ireland: Catholics by District, Percentage Change 1971–91 51 4.1 Belgium: French Speakers by Province, 1947 74 5.1 South Africa: Former Bantustans, to 1994 97 5.2 South Africa: New Provinces, 1994 105 6.1 Israel and the Palestinian Territories, 2000 116 7.1 Pakistan: Mother Language by Province, 1998 144 8.1 Sri Lanka: Ethnic Groups by District, 1981 168 9.1 USSR: Titular Nationalities by Republic, 1989 197 10.1 Czechoslovakia: Czechs and Slovaks, 1921 228 10.2 Czechoslovakia: Nationalities by Republic, 1988 229 11.1 Yugoslavia: Major Nationalities by Republic, 1991 270 Notes on Contributors John Coakley is a Senior Lecturer in Politics at University College Dublin and Director of the Institute for British-Irish Studies there, and former Secretary General of the International Political Science Association (1994– 2000). He has published extensively on Irish and comparative politics, on nationalism and on ethnic conflict. He has edited The Social Origins of Nationalist Movements (Sage, 1992) and Changing Shades of Orange and Green: Redefining the Union and the Nation in Contemporary Ireland (UCD Press, 2002) and co-edited Politics in the Republic of Ireland (3rd ed., Routledge, 1999). Daniele Conversi is a Senior Lecturer at the European Policy Research Centre, Department of Policy Studies, University of Lincoln. He has published widely in the area of ethnicity and nationalism. His recent books include The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilization (University of Nevada Press, 2000), La desintegratió de Iugoslàvia (Editorial Afers-El Contemporani, 2000) and, as editor, Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World: Walker Connor and the Study of Nationalism (Routledge, 2002). Anthony Egan, SJ, is a Jesuit priest working in the fields of politics, history and applied ethics. He has published articles on South African Catholic intellectual history, postmodern theology, and the ethics of terrorism, as well as a monograph, The Politics of a South African Catholic Student Movement (Centre for African Studies Monographs, University of Cape Town, 1991). He is currently coordinator of the Department of Applied Ethics at St Augustine’s College, Johannesburg. Ronald J.Hill is Professor of Comparative Government at Trinity College, Dublin. He has written widely on Soviet and communist politics, with particular emphasis on the Soviet Communist Party and local government in the former Soviet Union. He has edited Beyond Stalinism: Communist Political Evolution (Frank Cass, 1992) and (with Michael Marsh) Modern Irish Democracy (Irish Academic Press, 1993). Liesbet Hooghe is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She is the author of The European Commission xi and the Integration of Europe: Images of Governance (Cambridge University Press, 2002); Separatisme (K.U.Leuven, 1989); A Leap in the Dark: The Belgian Federal Reform (Cornell, 1991); co-author with Gary Marks of Multi-Level Governance and European Integration (Rowman & Littlefield, 2001); and editor of Cohesion Policy and European Integration: Building Multi-Level Governance (Oxford University Press, 1996). Charles H.Kennedy is Professor of Political Science at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He has written about South Asian comparative political and governmental systems since 1975, and served as Director of the American Institute of Pakistan Studies (1988–2000). He has written or edited numerous books dealing with South Asia, including most recently Pakistan: 2000 (Oxford University Press, 2001) and Government and Politics in South Asia (5th edn., Westview, 2001) and, as editor, Pakistan at the Millennium (Oxford University Press, 2002).