%HLUD 8UEDQ :DWHU 0DVWHU 3ODQ $GDP 0RU´Q 7HFKQLVFKH 8QLYHUVLWHLW 'HOIW %HLUD 8UEDQ :DWHU 0DVWHU 3ODQ E\ $GDP 0RU´Q LQ SDUWLDO IXOILOOPHQW RI WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU WKH GHJUHH RI 0DVWHU RI 6FLHQFH LQ &LYLO (QJLQHHULQJ DW WKH 'HOIW 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\ WR EH GHIHQGHG SXEOLFO\ RQ 7KXUVGD\ 0D\ DW 30 6XSHUYLVRU 3URI GU LU / & 5LHWYHOG 7KHVLV FRPPLWWHH 'U 6 * - +HLMPDQ 78 'HOIW 3URI GU LU + + * 6DYDQLMH 78 'HOIW ,U 5 YDQ GHU 9HOGH :LWWHYHHQ%RV $Q HOHFWURQLF YHUVLRQ RI WKLV WKHVLV LV DYDLODEOH DW KWWSUHSRVLWRU\WXGHOIWQO To Jacob Gabriel (Bill) Gerstenbluth 1924-2011 ”My Soul thirsts for you” Acknowledgements The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the support and guidance of many. Some close by in Delft and Deventer, others far away in Curac¸ao and Beira. While only a minor token of appreciation, I would like to acknowledge their contribution. Graduation committee prof. dr. ir. Luuk Rietveld, TU Delft – Delft the Netherlands dr. ir. Bas Heijman, TU Delft – Delft, the Netherlands prof. dr. ir. Huub Savanije, TU Delft – Delft, the Netherlands ir. Raphael¨ van der Velde, Witteveen+Bos – Deventer, the Netherlands Beira Master Plan 2035 project Mr. Mario Jose Guina, CMB – Beira, Mozambique ir. Ben Lamoree, Lamoree consult – Leusden, the Netherlands ir. Peter Letitre, Deltares – Delft, the Netherlands Mr. Daviz Mbepo Simango, President CMB – Beira, Mozambique Peter van Weelden, MSc., Witteveen+Bos – Deventer, the Netherlands Witteveen+Bos (Deventer, the Netherlands) ir. Jochem Schut, ir. Michel Bretveld, ir. Franca Kramer, dr. ir. Arjen van Nieuwenhuijzen, ir. Rafael Romero and ir. Peter Tienhoven ETAR Beira (Beira, Mozambique) Enga. Filda Miguel Langa and Mr. Carlos Morais FIPAG (Beira, Mozambique) Mr. Augusto Chipenembe, Mr. Fernando Nhongo, Enga. Carmen Sing Sang and Ing. Wilco van der Wal (Vitens Evides International) TU Delft (Delft, the Netherlands) prof. dr. ir. Jan Peter van der Hoek and dr. Andre´ Marques Arsenio´ Lastly, I would like to thank my parents and sisters, as well as my grandmother, grandfather, uncle, aunts and cousins for their infinite love and patience. vii Summary What will the desired status of potable water and sanitation infrastructure be in Beira in 2035? Beira Beira is the capital of Sofala province in Mozambique and is located at the mouth of the Pungue River at the Indian ocean. Currently, Beira is Mozambique’s second largest city. The limits of the municipality of Beira are defined by the Mozambique channel to the east. The southern and western borders of the municipality are delineated by the Pungue river. The northern administrative border of Beira is shared with the town of Dondo. The total area of the municipality of Beira that lays between these defined borders is 631 [km2]. Population and demand The current population of the municipality, according to the district statistics for the city of Beira, published in November 2012, encompasses 456 005 citizens.A number of growth scenarios for the future population of Beira can be distinguished. The “low- growth” as well as the “high-growth” scenario are believed to be the determinative scenarios for Beira 2035, corresponding with the likely minimum regional growth rate and the maximum anticipated population growth rate. These result in a future population of 827 000 or 1 422 000 inhabitants, respectively. These future populations, along with an average demand per capita and data on non-revenue water, have been translated into two drinking water demand estimates for Beira 2035: low and high demand. A third demand scenario has been generated using billing data from the municipal water utility: the trend scenario. Legislation and institutions The main law covering Mozambican drinking water and sanita- tion is the Lei de Aguas. The institutions in charge of providing and regulating drinking water utilities in Beira can be divided into a few national and regional institutions. The regulatory body for the sector is the CRA. The DNA at national level delegates management of the urban water supply to FIPAG. VEI provides technical assistance to FIPAG in Beira. Sanitation is tasked to the municipal council of Beira, the CMB. Drinking water The Pungue river is the raw water source for Beira, with the primary intake located over 100 [km] upstream. The treatment works at Mutua have a designed capacity of 49200 [m3/day], providing water to Beira and Dondo. The treatment scheme is made up by pre- chlorination, coagulation/flocculation, RSF and chlorination. The two water transmission mains ix x Summary between Mutua and Beira follow the EN-6 road for over 40 [km] and must be considered when increasing the capacity of the DWTP. The treatment capacity can be increased by doubling or tripling the current capacity. This will satisfy the low-damand scenario and the trend scenario. It is believed that the high-growth sce- nario will only be satisfied by 60% in 2035. Conventional treatment options at Mutua and RO desalination in Beira have been considered as options. Wastewater and sanitation The first process line for the wastewater treatment plant for the city of Beira was completed in July of 2012. This completed section the WWTP, ETAR Beira, boasts a capacity of 7500 [m3/day]. The treatment scheme at ETAR Beira encompasses preliminary-, primary-, secondary as well as partial tertiary treatment, with an additional disinfection step for a part of the process flows. The mean daily influent of ETAR Beira is 2450 [m3]. Short- and long term goals have been set for the sanitation part of the Beira Master Plan 2035. The aim of the short term goals is to increase the flow to the wastewater treatment plant by relining existing sewers, rehabilitating pumping stations and increasing the amount of sewer connections to the existing sewer. Long term goals for the master plan will be set by identifying neighborhoods where improvements to the sanitation network is most necessary. The aim of the long term goals is to increase the access to improved sanitation services by investing in condominial sewer connections for unplanned urban neighborhoods and latrines in peri-urban neighborhoods. By 2035, over 150 000 extra wastewater connections should be in place, re- quiring an approximate investment of US$ 104 million. This will provide over 1.2 million citizens of Beira with adequate sanitary facilities. Once the short term goals have been met, three treatment options for wastewater reuse have been proposed, aiming to supply Beira industry and shipping to reduce the demand on the municipal treatment works. These treatment schemes are based on an average influent of 5000 [m3/day]. Evaluation The proposed drinking water and wastewater treatment schemes have been evalu- ated using a MCA. The evaluation has shown that the increased drinking water demand should be met by investing in the expansion of the conventional treatment works at Mutua and the re- habilitation of one of the transmission mains between Mutua and Beira. A pumping station could be built halfway, if the capacity has been tripled. This expansion will involve total investments estimated over AC80 million euro and AC0.68/m3 exploitation costs. For wastewater reuse, the evaluation indicates that RSF in combination with GAC should be con- sidered. Investment and exploitation costs for this option are estimated AC4 million and AC0.47/m3, respectively. Contents Abbreviations .................................................................. xvii List of Tables ................................................................... xx List of Figures .................................................................. xxii Foreword :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: xxiii Introduction :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: xxv 1 The city of Beira :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.1 Geography............................................................1 1.2 A brief history of Beira..................................................1 1.3 Climate...............................................................2 1.4 Urban administration...................................................3 1.5 Transport infrastructure.................................................3 2 Water supply background ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 2.1 Drinking water demand.................................................5 2.2 Water distribution networks..............................................6 2.3 Drinking water treatment................................................6 2.4 Wastewater effluent reuse...............................................7 3 Beira population and drinking water demand ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 3.1 Beira population.......................................................9 3.2 Beira population growth................................................. 10 3.2.1 National growth rate for the Republic of Mozambique................ 10 3.2.2 Urban growth rate for the Republic of Mozambique and its relation to neighboring countries........................................... 10 3.2.3 Urban growth rates within the Republic of Mozambique.............. 10 3.2.4 Population growth in Sofala province.............................. 11 3.3 Future population and growth scenarios for Beira........................... 12 xi xii Contents 3.4 Beira demand based on water utility data.................................. 13 3.4.1 Billed volume for Beira........................................... 13 3.4.2 Number of drinking water