Naturforholdene I Havet Omkring Læsø

Naturforholdene I Havet Omkring Læsø

Naturforholdene i havet omkring Læsø Pilotprojekt Marin Nationalpark Læsø Rapport udarbejdet for arbejdsgruppen Havet Juni 2005 Forside: Horneks Odde på nordsiden af Læsø Foto: Merete Binderup (2004) 2 Naturforholdene i havet omkring Læsø Pilotprojekt Marin Nationalpark Læsø Michael Olesen (red.) Kurt Ockelmann Marinbiologisk Laboratorium (MBL), Københavns Universitet Klaus Weile Dansk Biologisk Laboratorium (DBL) Jørn Bo Jensen Merete Binderup Troels Laier Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelser (GEUS) Maria Fenger Pedersen Erik Hoffmann Danmarks Fiskeriundersøgelser (DFU) Jakob Strand Karsten Dahl Jonas Theilmann Ib Kragh Petersen Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser (DMU) Ruth Nielsen Botanisk Museum, Københavns Universitet Morten Johansen Vikingeskibsmuseet i Roskilde Juni 2005 3 INDHOLD 1. INDLEDNING..................................................................................................................6 1.1 Forord .......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Rapportens opbygning og tilblivelse ......................................................................................... 7 2. DE FYSISKE FORHOLD...............................................................................................9 2.1 Læsø områdets geologiske historie ............................................................................................ 9 2.1.1 Kattegats undergrund............................................................................................................ 9 2.1.2 Isen kom og gik................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.3 Ishavet ................................................................................................................................. 11 2.1.4 Fastlandstiden ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.5 Stenalderhavet..................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.6 Læsø dukker op af havet ..................................................................................................... 14 2.1.7 Læsøs geologiske fremtid ................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Bundforholdene omkring Læsø ............................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Dybdeforhold ...................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Havbunden omkring Læsø.................................................................................................. 17 2.2.3 Sedimenternes dannelse og sammensætning ...................................................................... 18 2.2.4 Dynd.................................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.5 Sandet dynd – dyndet sand.................................................................................................. 19 2.2.6 Sand (lokalt grus og sten) ................................................................................................... 19 2.2.7 Morænebund og stenrev - En arv fra istiden....................................................................... 20 2.2.8 Senglaciale ler-sedimenter .................................................................................................. 20 2.2.9 Andre mere faste bundtyper................................................................................................ 21 2.3 De boblende rev......................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1 Boblerevets dannelse........................................................................................................... 22 2.3.2 Gassens oprindelse.............................................................................................................. 22 2.4 Hydrografiske forhold .............................................................................................................. 24 2.4.1 Strøm og saltholdighed ....................................................................................................... 25 2.4.2 Næringssalte........................................................................................................................ 27 3. LÆSØ’S MARINE NATUR .........................................................................................28 3.1 Læsøs kyster .............................................................................................................................. 28 3.1.1 Kysttyper............................................................................................................................. 30 3.1.2 Transportdominerede kyster............................................................................................... 31 3.1.3 Bløden Hale og Knotterne................................................................................................... 34 3.1.4 Hævningsdominerede kyster............................................................................................... 35 3.1.5 Hypersalte zoner og saltsydning ......................................................................................... 36 3.1.6 Den lavvandede, kystnære havbund.................................................................................... 37 4 3.2 Tangvegetationen omkring Læsø ............................................................................................ 37 3.2.1 Tidligere og nuværende undersøgelser af algevegetationen............................................... 38 3.2.2 Betingelser for en rig marin makrovegetation .................................................................... 39 3.2.3 Læsøs kystnære makroalge-lokaliteter................................................................................ 40 3.2.4 Nordre Rønner - et kapitel for sig ....................................................................................... 42 3.2.5 Den lavvandede sandflade syd for Læsø............................................................................. 43 3.2.6 Ålegræs - en karakterplante for det lavvandede havområde............................................... 44 3.3 Stenrevene ved Læsø................................................................................................................. 45 3.4 Boblerevets liv ........................................................................................................................... 51 3.5 Bunddyrene i havet omkring Læsø ......................................................................................... 53 3.5.1 Bundfaunaundersøgelser..................................................................................................... 53 3.5.2 Bundfaunaen i det nordlige Kattegat .................................................................................. 55 3.5.3 Bunddyrene i de lavvandede områder syd for Læsø........................................................... 57 3.5.4 De undersøiske banker øst for Læsø................................................................................... 57 3.6 Skibsvragene ved Læsø............................................................................................................. 63 3.6.1 De historiske ankre.............................................................................................................. 66 4. BIOLOGISKE OG ØKOLOGISKE FORHOLD.......................................................69 4.1 Fisk og fiskeri ............................................................................................................................ 69 4.1.1 Fiskeundersøgelser.............................................................................................................. 69 4.1.2 Fiskeforekomster indenfor 10 m kurven............................................................................. 70 4.1.3 Fiskeforekomster udenfor 10 m kurven.............................................................................. 72 4.1.4 Gyde- og opvækstområder uden for 10 m kurven .............................................................. 75 4.1.5 Fiskeriet omkring Læsø ...................................................................................................... 76 4.1.6 Trawlfiskeriet...................................................................................................................... 78 4.1.7 Landinger på Læsø.............................................................................................................. 80 4.1.8 De vigtigste arters biologi................................................................................................... 83 4.1.9 Jomfruhummerfiskeriet....................................................................................................... 90 4.1.10 Fiskeri på rev og vrag.......................................................................................................... 91 4.1.11 Effekter af trawling. ............................................................................................................ 92 4.2 Hav- og kystfugle....................................................................................................................... 94 4.2.1 Fuglebeskyttelsesområderne

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