ENTER WORLD HERITAGE: A LOOK AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF HERITAGE SITES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA By KATHERINE JACOB A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2015 © 2015 Katherine Jacob To my parents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor and thesis chair, Marty Hylton, who graciously guided me through this progress and led me out of the forest of research. Without Marty’s help and encouragement this thesis would have never been completed. I would also like to thank my makeshift editor, Pamela Gombos, who read through the pages and fixed my many grammar mistakes. Also to my committee member, Vandana Bawejsa, who asked questions that developed my research further. I would also like to thank my friends who guided with me through this process, and were there to keep me calm during the stress. Most importantly, a huge thanks to my parents, Steve and LuAnn Jacob, who encouraged me to follow a career path that brings me joy. Their support has been unwavering. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. 9 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 11 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 18 Context of the Role of Heritage ............................................................................... 18 Heritage Conservation ............................................................................................ 20 Heritage Tourism .................................................................................................... 23 World Heritage ........................................................................................................ 24 World Heritage Center ...................................................................................... 24 Discourse surrounding World Heritage ............................................................. 28 Angkor Archaeological Site in Cambodia ................................................................ 30 Rise to Power ................................................................................................... 31 Colonization ...................................................................................................... 32 Modern ............................................................................................................. 34 Site Information ................................................................................................ 35 World Heritage Report ...................................................................................... 36 Ownership ........................................................................................................ 37 Historic City of Ayutthaya in Thailand ..................................................................... 38 Rise to Power ................................................................................................... 39 Colonization ...................................................................................................... 40 Modern ............................................................................................................. 41 Site Information ................................................................................................ 42 World Heritage Report ...................................................................................... 43 Ownership ........................................................................................................ 43 Pyu Ancient Cities in Myanmar ............................................................................... 44 Ancient ............................................................................................................. 45 Colonization ...................................................................................................... 46 Modern ............................................................................................................. 47 Site Information ................................................................................................ 48 World Heritage Report ...................................................................................... 48 Ownership ........................................................................................................ 50 5 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 57 Qualitative Research............................................................................................... 57 Case Study Development ....................................................................................... 58 Content Analysis ..................................................................................................... 60 Categories of Sources ............................................................................................ 61 4 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS ...................................................................................... 65 Infrastructure ........................................................................................................... 66 Angkor .............................................................................................................. 67 Siem Reap ................................................................................................. 67 Borders and Buffer Zone ............................................................................ 70 Conservation and management plan at Angkor ......................................... 71 Ayutthaya ......................................................................................................... 73 The Modern City of Ayutthaya .................................................................... 73 Boundaries and Buffer Zones .................................................................... 75 Conservation and Management Plan ......................................................... 76 Pyu ................................................................................................................... 78 The Pyu Cities ............................................................................................ 78 Boundaries and Buffer Zones .................................................................... 79 Conservation and management plan ......................................................... 81 Economic ................................................................................................................ 81 Angkor .............................................................................................................. 83 Ayutthaya ......................................................................................................... 84 Pyu ................................................................................................................... 86 Tourism ................................................................................................................... 86 Angkor .............................................................................................................. 87 Ayutthaya ......................................................................................................... 89 Pyu ................................................................................................................... 90 Identity .................................................................................................................... 91 Angkor .............................................................................................................. 92 Ayutthaya ......................................................................................................... 93 Pyu ................................................................................................................... 94 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 96 Summary Tables ..................................................................................................... 99 5 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 110 Considerations ...................................................................................................... 112 Future Research ................................................................................................... 114 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 116 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 122 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 USA Tentative List for World Heritage Nomination