Security and Defense Studies Review Interdisciplinary Journal of the William J. Perry Volume 16 2014 Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies ISSN: 1533-2535 Ricardo L. Alessandrini, Silvana L. R. Evan Ellis, The Rise of China Elizondo, Virginia Iribarne, y in the Americas Silvana Pascucci, El Sistema Interamericano de Defensa: NORTHCOM and SOUTHCOM Hacia un Esquema Más Armónico de Posture Statements to the Gobernanza Multinivel U.S. Congress Lucas Fonseca and Tiago Delgado, Patricia Kehoe, Perry Center The Inter-American Strategy to Combat Discusses Women in Peace and Threats to Cybersecurity: Consequences Security and Challenges Book Review: Narcoland: The Peterson Silva, A Primeira Estratégia Mexican Drug Lords Nacional de Defesa Brasileira (2008): By Anabel Hernández Cinco Anos Depois (translated by Iain Bruce) Reviewed by Patricia Kehoe Pat Paterson y Cristina Blain, Derechos Humanos y la Lucha Contra Book Review: Balancing Liberty las Organizaciones Criminales and Security: An Ethical Study Transnacionales: Una Estrategia of U.S. Foreign Intelligence Imprescindible Surveillance: 2001–2009 By Michelle Louise Atkin Reviewed by Kevin Newmeyer Security and Defense Studies Review Staff Kenneth LaPlante, Acting Director Patrick Paterson, Editor-in-Chief Yamile Kahn, Managing Editor Alicia Brau, Assistant Editor Patricia Kehoe, Assistant Editor Editorial Board Raúl Benítez Manaut, Investigador Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Ciencias y Humanidades Universidad Autónoma de México J. Samuel Fitch, Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science University of Colorado at Boulder Ivelaw Griffith, President Fort Valley State University, Georgia Oswaldo Jarrín, Professor Universidad Internacional del Ecuador General (ret.) Julio Hang, Director Institute of International Security and Strategic Affairs Jennifer Holmes, Associate Professor of Political Science University of Texas at Dallas Hal Klepak, Professor of War Studies and Latin American History Royal Military College of Canada Richard Millett, Professor of History Emeritus Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville Patricia Olney, Associate Professor of Political Science Southern Connecticut State University Eliezer Rizzo de Oliveira, Profesor Núcleo de Estudos Estratégicos Universidade de Campinas, São Paolo, Brasil Carlos Ospina, Professor and Chief of Defense Chair William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies Orlando J. Pérez, Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science Central Michigan University Security and Defense Studies Review An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume 16 2014 William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies National Defense University Abraham Lincoln Hall 260 5th Ave., Bldg. 64 Washington, DC 20319-5066 The opinions in the Security and Defense Studies Review do not necessarily reflect those of the William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, the National Defense University, or the U.S. Department of Defense. Submissions for the Perry Center Security and Defense Studies Review should be emailed to [email protected], with the subject line “Submission for SDSR," or mailed to Managing Editor, Publications, William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, National Defense University, Abraham Lincoln Hall, 260 5th Ave., Bldg. 64, Washington, DC 20319-5066. Submission guidelines are available at chds.dodlive.mil/publications/. Security and Defense Studies Review Volume 16 2014 Contents Message from the Director 5 El Sistema Interamericano de Defensa: Hacia un Esquema Más Armónico de Gobernanza Multinivel Ricardo L. Alessandrini, Silvana L. Elizondo, Virginia Iribarne, y Silvana Pascucci 7 The Inter-American Strategy to Combat Threats to Cybersecurity: Consequences and Challenges Lucas Fonseca and Tiago Delgado 26 A Primeira Estratégia Nacional de Defesa Brasileira (2008): Cinco Anos Depois Peterson Silva 39 Derechos Humanos y la Lucha Contra las Organizaciones Criminales Transnacionales: Una Estrategia Imprescindible Pat Paterson y Cristina Blain 57 The Rise of China in the Americas R. Evan Ellis 90 NORTHCOM and SOUTHCOM Posture Statements to the U.S. Congress 106 Perry Center Discusses Women in Peace and Security Patricia Kehoe 132 Book Review: Narcoland: The Mexican Drug Lords and Their Godfathers By Anabel Hernández (Translated by Iain Bruce) Reviewed by Patricia Kehoe 136 Book Review: Balancing Liberty and Security: An Ethical Study of U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance: 2001–2009 By Michelle Louise Atkin Reviewed by Kevin Newmeyer 138 Contributors 140 Message from the Acting Director Welcome to Volume 16 of the Security and Defense Studies Review (SDSR)! As this edition goes to press and distribution, security and defense officials in the Americas are preparing their principals for numerous regional and sub-regional executive events including the upcoming 11th Conference of the Defense Minis- ters of the Americas (CDMA) to be held in Arequipa, Peru. Accordingly, Volume 16 of the SDSR focuses on thematic issues that will likely be raised at these events, including the Conference: cooperative security efforts in the Americas, cyber security, the use of the military to combat transnational organized crime, and external actors in the Americas, among others. We begin this SDSR edition with an article from a group of authors in Argen- tina on cooperative security efforts in Latin America. The authors examine the numerous theoretical dimensions of the topic and the history of cooperative secu- rity in the region. They propose a bold reform to the system, one that emphasizes regional initiatives yet also extends responsibility for specific threats to experts. I trust our readers will find their recommendations on inter-American security cooperation illuminating. Lucas Fonseca and Tiago Delgado of Brazil scrutinize the cyber security challenges faced by many Latin American nations. The authors examine the OAS Strategy on Cyber Security and, in particular, the development of Computer Se- curity Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) in many nations. The authors contend that the capacity of government experts to keep up with the rapid evolution of information technology, inadequate or antiquated legislation on cyber security that is rapidly overcome by developments in the computer industry, and sufficient education of prosecutors and judges are challenges faced by most countries in the Americas. Next, Peterson Silva, a recent alumnus of the Perry Center, examines the 2008 Brazilian National Security Strategy. Silva provides a detailed analysis of the development of the national strategy and an assessment of its functions after five years. Our readers, especially those involved in developing modern defense strategies in a rapidly changing, multi-faceted security environment, might draw important lessons from Brazil’s experience. Perry Center Editor-in-Chief Pat Paterson and former Perry Center research as- sistant Cristy Blain of Colombia examine the risks of using the military in operations against transnational organized crime. Paterson teaches the human rights and rule of law course at the Perry Center and Blain has extensive experience on human rights issues from her studies in France, the United States, and Colombia. After a detailed theoretical discussion of the issues, they use the U.S. experience in Iraq from 2003 to 2008 to demonstrate the clear dangers of deploying the armed forces in support to civilian authorities without adequate education and the proper strategy. Volume 16 / 2014 5 The Perry Center’s Dr. Evan Ellis contributes the next article on China’s growing role in the Americas. Dr. Ellis, one of the United States’ leading authori- ties on China in Latin America, has published three books and scores of articles on the topic. His most recent analysis takes the readers deep into Chinese foreign relations in Latin America and provides an extraordinary level of detail. I am con- fident you will find his article stimulating and informative. The next chapter of the journal is a summary of Congressional testimony provided by General John Kelly of the U.S. Southern Command and General Chuck Jacoby of the U.S. Northern Command. Between the two of them, they have responsibility for, foremost, protecting the U.S. homeland and, secondly, coordinating security efforts on behalf of the U.S. with its partners in the Western Hemisphere. Their reports to Congress, blunt and candid, are excellent synopses of the multi-faceted forms of crime and threat that the U.S. and its partners face. The next item in SDSR 16 is drawn from the March 2014 Hemispheric Fo- rum conducted at the Perry Center on the topic of women in peace and security. Perry Center Professor Celina Realuyo hosted a panel of distinguished academic, diplomatic, and defense officials who spoke on the role of women in peace and se- curity. The prestigious panel included representatives of the diplomacy, defense, and development pillars of U.S. national security strategy. We conclude Security and Defense Studies Review 16 with two book re- views. Perry Center Assistant Editor Patricia Kehoe provides an in-depth book review on Narcoland, a recent publication by Mexican author Anabel Hernández, who reports from the frontlines of the war against organized crime in Mexico. Hernández’s story is a gripping account of the last few years of the drug war in her country, the risks she took to research the book, and the collusion of government officials with traffickers. An eye-opening read. Perry Center Professor Kevin Newmeyer provides the second