INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND ORGANIZATION BA [ Political Science ] Fifth Semester EDCN 803C [ENGLISH EDITION] Directorate of Distance Education TRIPURA UNIVERSITY Reviewer Dr Biswaranjan Mohanty Assistance Professor, Department of Political Science, SGTB Khalsa College, University of Delhi Authors: Miss Lianboi Vaiphei, Dr. Rajneesh Kumar Gupta and Pranav Kumar, (Units: 1.0-1.2, 1.4, 4.3, 4.4-4.4.1) © Reserved, 2017 Dr Sudhir Kumar Suthar, Nidhi Shukla & Shailza Singh, (Units: 1.3, 1.5-1.9, 3.3) © Reserved, 2017 Dr M.D. Tarique Anwer, (Units: 2.0-2.2, 2.4, 3.0-3.2, 3.5-3.9) © Reserved, 2017 Prakash Chandra, (Unit: 2.6, 2.6.1, 2.6.3-2.11) © Reserved, 2017 Dr S.S. Jaswal, (Unit: 3.4) © Dr S.S. Jaswal, 2017 Dr Namita Sahay, (Unit: 4.4.3-4.9) © Dr Namita Sahay, 2017 Vikas Publishing House, (Units: 2.3, 2.5, 2.6.2, 3.2.1-3.2.4, 4.0-4.2, 4.4.2) © Reserved, 2017 Books are developed, printed and published on behalf of Directorate of Distance Education, Tripura University by Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material, protected by this copyright notice may not be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form of by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the DDE, Tripura University & Publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 • Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: 7361, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi – 110 055 • Website: www.vikaspublishing.com • Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE International Relation and Organization Syllabi Mapping in Book Unit-I Introduction to International Relations Unit 1: Introduction to 1. Nature and Scope of International Relations International Relations 2. Actors of International Society – The State and the Non-State Actors – Their Role in International Politics-Crisis in Territorial States 3. Concept of National Power-Elements of National Power Unit-II Foreign Policies of Various Countries Unit 2: Foreign Policies of 1. Definition of Foreign Policy – (Various Factors in Various Countries Shaping the Foreign Policy) Determinants of Foreign Policy: (a) Legislature (b) Public Opinion (c) Civil Services 2. National Interest – Role of National Interest in the Formulation of Foreign Policy of a Country 3. Instruments and Techniques of State Interaction (a) Propaganda (b) Diplomacy 4. Foreign Policy: India, UK, USA and China Unit-III Neocolonialism Unit 3: Neocolonialism 1. Post-Cold War Politics, Neocolonialism 2. Emergene of the Third World-Problems of the Third World Countries 3. Non-Aligned Movement, Universal Declaration of Human Rights Unit-IV International Organizations Unit 4: International 1. The League Covenant and the United Nations Organizations Charter Compared 2. Purposes and Principles of the UNO, UN Charter, Principal Organs of the UNO 3. International Organizations – SAARC, OPEC, WTO, IMF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 3-35 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Nature and Scope of International Relations 1.3 Actors of International Society—The State and the Non-State Actors—their Role in International Politics—Crisis in Territorial States 1.3.1 Emergence of Non-State Actors in International Relations 1.4 Concept of National Power—Elements of National Power 1.5 Summary 1.6 Key Terms 1.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.8 Questions and Exercises 1.9 Further Reading UNIT 2 FOREIGN POLICIES OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES 37-156 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Unit Objectives 2.2 Definition of Foreign Policy—Various Factors in Shaping the Foreign Policy 2.3 Determinants of Foreign Policy: Legislature, Public Opinion and Civil Services 2.4 National Interest-Role of National Interest in the Formulation of Foreign Policy of a Country 2.5 Instruments and Techniques of State Interaction: Propaganda and Diplomacy 2.5.1 Propaganda 2.6 Foreign Policy: India, UK, USA and China 2.6.1 India’s Foreign Policy 2.6.2 United Kingdom’s Foreign Policy 2.6.3 USA’s Foreign Policy 2.6.4 China’s Foreign Policy 2.7 Summary 2.8 Key Terms 2.9 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.10 Questions and Exercises 2.11 Further Reading UNIT 3 NEOCOLONIALISM 157-203 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Unit Objectives 3.2 Post-Cold War Politics 3.2.1 Neocolonialism 3.2.2 Emergence of the Third-World Problems of the Third World Countries 3.2.3 New International Economic Order 3.2.4 International Economic Imbalance and Structural Adjustment 3.3 Non-Alignment Movement 3.4 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3.5 Summary 3.6 Key Terms 3.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.8 Questions and Exercises 3.9 Further Reading UNIT 4 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 205-257 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Unit Objectives 4.2 The League Covenant and the United Nations Charter Compared 4.2.1 The League Covenant 4.2.2 The United Nations Organization 4.3 Purposes and Principles of the UNO, UN Charter, Principal Organs of the UNO 4.4 International Organizations 4.4.1 SAARC 4.4.2 OPEC 4.4.3 WTO 4.4.4 IMF 4.5 Summary 4.6 Key Terms 4.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.8 Questions and Exercises 4.9 Further Reading Introduction INTRODUCTION International relations, as the name suggests, is the study of relationships between NOTES various nations. The interaction of nations, institutions, cultures and ethnicities is relevant to everyone because everybody is affected by the decisions made by governments and learning about these issues helps in the better understanding of the world around. Since the 1970s, the study of international relations has been marked by a renewed debate about the relationship between structures and institutions in international systems. International financial institutions have different specific objectives and different areas of specialization and expertise. The enhanced partnership for sustainable growth and poverty reduction underscores the different core mandates of the IMF and the World Bank. Similarly, there are various international organizations which have been set up to promote not only good regional relation but to also provide a common platform for a global relationship. But the world is dynamic and the power relation between nations change all the time. This book is an effort to understand the manner in which international relations are forged and maintained. This book is written in a self-instructional format and is divided into four units. Each unit begins with an Introduction to the topic followed by an outline of the Unit objectives. The content is then presented in a simple and easy-to-understand manner, and is interspersed with Check Your Progress questions to test the reader’s understanding of the topic. A list of Questions and Exercises is also provided at the end of each unit, and includes short-answer as well as long-answer questions. The Summary and Key Terms section are useful tools for students and are meant for effective recapitulation of the text. Self-Instructional Material 1 Introduction to UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO International Relations INTERNATIONAL NOTES RELATIONS Structure 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Nature and Scope of International Relations 1.3 Actors of International Society—The State and the Non-State Actors— their Role in International Politics—Crisis in Territorial States 1.3.1 Emergence of Non-State Actors in International Relations 1.4 Concept of National Power—Elements of National Power 1.5 Summary 1.6 Key Terms 1.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.8 Questions and Exercises 1.9 Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION In an increasingly globalized world, the study of international relations becomes a significant field of study. This field of study is an amalgamation of issues, initiatives, cooperation based on varied subjects like history, law, science, environment, trade and economics etc. International relations then as a subject, reflects the study of relations between nations. But before the nuances of the relations between economies are determined, it is important to also study the concept of nation states and the elements which make one country more powerful than another. In this unit, you will study about the nature and scope of international relations; actors of international society including both state and non-state actors and their roles in the international politics, and the concept and elements of national power. 1.1 UNIT OBJECTIVES After going through this unit, you will be able to: • Discuss the nature and scope of international relations • Describe the role of state and non-state actors of international society in international politics • Assess the emergence of non-state actors in international relations • Analyse the concept and elements of national power Self-Instructional Material 3 Introduction to International Relations 1.2 NATURE AND SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS NOTES Even though international relations (as a subject of study) has fascinated many scholars for several centuries, it has evolved as a distinct discipline only in the 17th century. The discipline came into being in the West, under the Latin term intergentes (meaning international).