Education, Preservation and Stewardship: A Cultural Resources Management Plan for the Galbreath Wildlands Preserve, Mendocino County, California by Stacey L. Zolnoski A thesis submitted to Sonoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in Cultural Resources Management ______________________________ Adrian Praetzellis, Ph.D., Chair ______________________________ John Wingard, Ph.D. ______________________________ Claudia Luke, Ph.D. ______________________________ Date i Copyright 2015 By Stacey L. Zolnoski ii Authorization for Reproduction of Master’s Thesis I grant permission for the reproduction of parts of this thesis without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorb the cost and provide proper acknowledgement of authorship. Date:________________________ ______________________________ Signature ______________________________ Street Address ______________________________ City, State, Zip iii Education, Preservation and Stewardship: A Cultural Resources Management Plan for the Galbreath Wildlands Preserve, Mendocino County, California Thesis by Stacey L. Zolnoski ABSTRACT Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this thesis is to provide: (1) an overview of the history, ethnography and prehistory of the Preserve and its general surroundings; (2) the methods and results of several archaeological investigations taking place within the Preserve and the documentation of the cultural resources discovered during those investigations; (3) the regulatory context for all activities that constitute a project under CEQA and PRC, as well as the environmental process required for addressing resources within a project area; and (4) recommendations for avoiding or minimizing impacts to those resources. Methods: A records search was conducted at the Northwest Information Center (NWIC) to identify previous studies and archaeological sites located on the Preserve. The field study consisted of intensive pedestrian surveys of approximately 70 acres including 3.5 miles of access roads. Previously recorded sites were updated and newly recorded sites were recorded using the California Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) forms. All previously and newly identified sites were given preliminary evaluations for the California Register of Historical Resources. Findings: The records search resulted in 6 previously identified prehistoric archaeological sites within the Preserve. New surveys and studies conducted on the Preserve identified 6 new historic-era archaeological sites on the Preserve. Of the 12 archaeological sites, 10 appear to be potentially eligible for the California Register of Historical Resources. Site types include: prehistoric seasonal camps and resource procurement areas, historic-era lumber mills, a historic-era work camp, a historic-era dam and a historic-era homestead and apple orchard. Conclusions: Based upon the research and discoveries, recommendations were made to assist land managers with legal compliance during the environmental review process for all projects subject to CEQA and PRC. Three types of recommendations were made: (1) general recommendations to incorporate research, planning and stewardship into Preserve policy; (2) activity specific recommendations based upon common activities taking place on the Preserve; and (3) site-specific recommendations to avoid, minimize or mitigate impacts to particular cultural resources. _______________________________________ __________________ Chair: Date: M.A. Program: Cultural Resources Management Sonoma State University iv Acknowledgement v Table of Contents Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1 Purpose of Study.....................................................................................................3 Thesis Structure………………………………………………………………...…3 Environmental Background….................................................................................6 Location and Topography............................................................................6 Climate and Hydrology…………………………………………………....6 Geology and Soils........................................................................................8 Flora and Fauna............................................................................................9 II. PREHISTORIC BACKGROUND…............................................................................12 Cultural Chronology of the North Coast Ranges...................................................12 The Paleo-Indian Period........................................................................................14 The Archaic Period................................................................................................15 Lower Archaic……………………………..…………………………….16 Middle Archaic…………………………………………………………..17 Upper Archaic………………………………………………………........18 The Emergent Period.............................................................................................19 III. ETHNOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND.......................................................................22 Pomo Linguistic Groups........................................................................................22 Central Pomo Environment and Territory.............................................................26 Central Pomo Villages and Campsites...................................................................26 vi Yō'kaia............................................................................................27 Ciégo..............................................................................................27 Cokōa.............................................................................................29 Yō'bakeya.......................................................................................29 Danō'keya......................................................................................29 Bō'keya...........................................................................................30 Social and Political Organization...............................................................30 Neighbors, Trade, and Exchange...............................................................32 Settlement, Subsistence, and Material Culture..........................................33 Dwellings, Sweathouses, and Ceremonial Buildings....................33 Food and Subsistence....................................................................35 Resource Management...................................................................38 Basketry and Clothing……………………....................................40 IV. HISTORIC BACKGROUND.....................................................................................43 Early Exploration of California.............................................................................43 Spanish Colonial Period (1769-1821)........................................................44 Russian Period (1812-1841)......................................................................45 Mexican Period (1822-1846).....................................................................46 American Period (1846-)...........................................................................46 Mendocino County................................................................................................48 Yorkville…………………………………………………………………52 Ranching in Northern California………………………………………...56 Logging in Northern California.................................................................58 vii Lumber Mills and Milling Technology..........................................58 A Brief History of Northern California Mills……………………61 The First Mills in Anderson Valley…...........................................64 The Northwestern Pacific Railroad……………………………...……….65 History of the Galbreath Wildlands Preserve............................................66 Fred Galbreath…...........................................................................66 Charlie Hiatt...................................................................................67 Fred’s First Ranch..........................................................................68 The Preserve……………...............................................................69 Ranching on the Preserve...............................................................70 Timber Harvest on the Preserve.....................................................71 Logging Redwoods…....................................................................72 Other Activities on the Preserve……............................................73 V. REGULATORY CONTEXT......................................................................................76 Definitions and Terms of Art.................................................................................76 Cultural Resources.....................................................................................77 Cultural Resources Management...............................................................77 Historic Properties versus Historical Resources…………………………78 Unique Archaeological Resources……………………………………….79 A Brief History of CRM Law................................................................................79 The Antiquities Act of 1906......................................................................79 The Historic Sites Act of 1935...................................................................79