Case 1:17-cv-00255-TSC Document 9 Filed 02/08/17 Page 1 of 227 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA PARS EQUALITY CENTER, IRANIAN Civil Action No. I: 17-cv-255 AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, NATIONAL IRANIAN AMERICAN COUNCIL, PUBLIC AFFAIRS ALLIANCE OF IRANIAN AMERICANS, INC., et al., Plaintiffs, v. DONALD J. TRUMPet at., Defendants. PLAINTIFFS' MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION Plaintiffs- individual Iranian nationals and four national Iranian-American organizations- hereby move for a preliminary injunction as set forth below and for the reasons set forth in the accompanying Memorandum of Law in Support of Plaintiffs' Motion for Preliminary Injunction ("Memorandum"). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(a). Plaintiffs seek to enjoin Defendants from enforcing or implementing certain provisions of President Donald J. Trump's Executive Order No. 13,769, entitled "Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States." As demonstrated in the Memorandum, the Executive Order and Defendants' implementation of it violate the First and Fifth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, the Immigration and Nationality Act and its implementing regulations, and the Administrative Procedure Act. Defendants should be enjoined from enforcing or implementing§§ 3(c), 5(a), 5(b), 5(c), and 5(e) of the Executive Order. -=:;-=--.-.,r,.... -.- ...... ~~~( ~--s."1:•---~-r:r-:·~----=-~-=-==::--:~~"~"-.:.··- io:..~_--. -~ ~.; ~ --- _._ --=--- - ........... ....._ ... --=..._ -- --- - ' --- -- -- - - -- Case 1:17-cv-00255-TSC Document 9 Filed 02/08/17 Page 2 of 227 Pursuant to Local Rule 7(m), counsel for Plaintiffs state that they were unable to discuss this motion with opposing counsel because the initial Complaint was filed today and opposing counsel has not yet been identified. For the foregoing reasons. Plaintiffs respectfully request that this Court grant their Motion for Preliminary Injunction. A proposed Order is attached hereto. 2 -·· .7" .. -. -- • ~ -.... ... • 4_ - - - - ~~- ~~--- Case 1:17-cv-00255-TSC Document 9 Filed 02/08/17 Page 3 of 227 Dated: February 8, 2017 Cyrus Mehri (D.C. Bar# 420970) Jo 'A. Freedman (D.C. Bar # 453075) Joanna K. Wasik (D.C. Bar# 1027916)* Da id P. Gersch (D.C. Bar# 367469) Amelia Friedman (D.C. Bar# 1033583)* R. Stanton Jones (D.C. Bar# 987088) MEHRI & SKALET, PLLC Nancy L. Perkins (D.C. Bar# 421574) 1250 Connecticut Ave., NW Allison B. Rumsey (D.C. Bar# 450475)* Suite 300 Ronald A. Schechter (D.C. Bar# 2450 19) Washington, DC 20036 RobertN. Weiner(D.C. Bar#298133) (202) 822-51 00 Samuel M. Witten (D.C. Bar# 378008)* (202) 822-4997 (fax) Lindsey D. Carson (D.C. Bar# 992620)* [email protected] Sally L. Pei (D.C. Bar# 1030194)* Sonia Tabriz (D.C. Bar# 1025020) U.W. Clemon** Stephen K. Wirth (D.C. Bar# 1034038) MEHRI & SKALET, PLLC ARNOLD & PORTER 5202 Mountain Ridge Parkway KAYE SCHOLER LLP Birmingham, AL 35222 60 I Massachusetts Ave., NW (205) 837-2898 Washington, DC 20001 (205) 798-2577 (fax) (202) 942-5000 [email protected] (202) 942-5999 (fax) [email protected] Kristen Clarke (D.C. Bar # 973885) Jon Greenbaum (D.C. Bar# 489887) Christopher M. Odell** LA WYERS' COMMITTEE FOR ARNOLD & PORTER CIVIL RIGHTS UNDER LAW KAYE SCHOLER LLP 1401 New York Ave., NW 700 Louisiana Street, Suite 1600 Suite 400 Houston, TX 77002 Washington, DC 20005 (713) 576-2400 (202) 662-8600 (713) 576-2499 (fax) (202) 783-0857 (fax) [email protected] jgreenbaum@lawyerscommittee .org Counsel for Plaintiffs "'D.D.C. admission pending *"'Pro hac vice motion forthcoming 3 Case 1:17-cv-00255-TSC Document 9 Filed 02/08/17 Page 4 of 227 Case 1:17-cv-00255-TSC Document 9 Filed 02/08/17 Page 5 of 227 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA PARS EQUALITY CENTER, IRANIAN No. ____ AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, NATIONAL IRANIAN AMERICAN Electronically Filed COUNCIL, PUBLIC AFFAIRS ALLIANCE OF IRANIAN AMERICANS, INC., et at., Plaintiffs, v. DONALD J. TRUMPet al., Defendants. MEMORANDUM OF LAW IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFFS' MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION February 8, 2017 Case 1:17-cv-00255-TSC Document 9 Filed 02/08/17 Page 6 of 227 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ......................................................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 FACTUAL BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................... 3 A. Trump's Campaign Pledge to Ban Muslims from the United States ...................... 3 B. The Executive Order ............................................................................................... 4 C. Defendants' Chaotic Implementation of the Executive Order ................................ 7 D. Effects of the Executive Order on Plaintiffs ......................................................... 10 ARGUMENT ............................................................................................................................... 13 I. Plaintiffs Are Likely to Succeed on the Merits of Each of Their Claims ......................... 13 A. Establishment Clause ............................................................................................ 13 1. The Purpose of the Executive Order Is to Discriminate Against Muslims and to Favor Christians .............................................................. I 3 2. Section 5(b) Facially Differentiates Among Religions ............................. 15 3. Section 5(b) Excessively Entangles the Government with Religion ........ 16 B. Equal Protection .................................................................................................... 17 1. The Executive Order Fails Strict Scrutiny .. .............................................. 18 2. The Executive Order Fails Even Rational-Basis Review ......................... 20 C. Due Process ........................................................................................................... 20 1. The Order Violates the Due Process Rights of Lawful Pennanent Residents and Visa Holders .......................... ............................................ 21 2. The Order Violates the Due Process Rights of Asylees . .......................... 23 D. Religious Freedom Restoration Act.. .................................................................... 24 1. RFRA Applies to the Executive Order and Its Implementation ............... 25 2. Adherence to Islam Qualifies as Religious Exercise ................................ 25 Case 1:17-cv-00255-TSC Document 9 Filed 02/08/17 Page 7 of 227 3. The Executive Order Substantially Burdens Religious Expression .......... 26 4. The Executive Order Is Not Narrowly Tailored to Serve a Compelling Interest....................................................................................................... 27 E. Administrative Procedure Act ............................................................................... 27 1. Defendants' Actions Are Contrary to the INA and Implementing Regulations ............................................................................................... 28 2. Defendants' Actions Disregard APA Procedural Requirements .............. 30 II. Plaintiffs Will Suffer Immediate, Irreparable Harm Absent Preliminary Relief.. ............ 31 III. The Balance of the Equities and the Public Interest Support Preliminary Relief.. ........... 33 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 37 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 11 Case 1:17-cv-00255-TSC Document 9 Filed 02/08/17 Page 8 of 227 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Pagc(s) Cases Andriasian v. lN.S., 180 F.3d 1033 (9th Cir. 1999) .................................................................................................23 Aptheker v. Sec y ofState, 378 u.s. 500 (1964) ................................ ...................................................... ..... ...................... 21 Arizona Dream Act Coalition v. Brewer, 818 F.3d 901 (9th Cir. 2015) ...................................................................................................35 Bonham v. D.C. Library Admin., 989 F.2d 1242 (D.C. Cir. 1993) ............................................................................ .13, 14, 16, 17 *Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 2751 (2014) ................. ........................................................................................ .... 26 CBS Corp. v. FCC, 785 F.3d 699 (D.C. Cir. 2015) ........................................................................................... 29, 30 *Church ofLukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City ofHialeah, 508 u.s. 520 (1993) ........................................ ......................................................................... 13 City ofCleburne, Tex. v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432 (1985) ................................................................................................................. 19 City ofNew Orleans v. Dukes, ............................................................ 17 427 u.s. 297 (1976) ....................... ~ ............................. City ofRichmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 u.s. 469 (1989) ........................................................................................ ...... ................... 19 Emp 't Div., Dep 't ofHuman Res. ofOre . v. Smith, 494 u.s. 872 (1990)