HUMAN USE OF RESTORED AND NATURALIZED DELTA LANDSCAPES Brett Milligan Alejo Kraus-Polk APPENDIX COMPARATIVE CASE STUDIES Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area 4 Liberty Island 11 Lower Sherman Island 16 Franks Tract 20 Delta Meadows 24 Stone Lakes 28 Cosumnes River Preserve 32 Cosumnes Floodplain Mitigation Bank 36 Quimby Island 40 LIST OF QUESTIONS FROM PROJECT’S ONLINE SURVEY 46 SURVEY PARTICIPANT INVITATION 51 SURVEY RESULTS 52 FIELD WORK 67 RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS 68 PLANNING REVIEW 71 LAW REVIEW 85 LAW ENFORCEMENT REVIEW 99 Copies of this appendix and the study report are available for download at the UC Center for Watershed Sciences website at https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/library/human-use-restored-and-naturalized-delta-landscapes COMPARATIVE CASE STUDIES This appendix section contains nine case studies of restored and naturalized landscapes in the California Delta. They are provided within this report to give a sense of the diversity of these environments in terms of ecology, socio-environmental history, land ownership, management practices and human presences. The nine case studies are not an attempt at a complete inventory for the Delta. Rather here they are used here to illustrate variations of the typologies and key design factors we have identified in other chapters of this report. As described in Chapter 2, these case studies expand upon our distinction between restored and naturalized landscapes through example histories of how these landscapes came to be what they are today, which includes both intentional acts (i.e. restoration for habitat purposes) as well as unintentional events, such as levee breaches. Federal, State, private and nonprofit land ownership is represented, of which there are single owner and multiple owner (partnerships). Management of these landscapes varies from ecological reserves, in which habitat and ecosystem function is prioritized, to working landscapes in which habitat is variably reconciled with ongoing agricultural management. Restoration tasks that have occurred, are occurring or are planned for the landscapes include active restoration such as levee removal, invasive species removal, horticultural restoration (planting), etc. as well as passive restoration, in which ecological process is managed to achieve desirable outcomes. Multiple ecosystems are represented in the case studies, from the novel open water lake in the flooded Frank’s tract, to the tidal marsh of Liberty Island, to the ephemeral floodplains of the Cosumnes, to Oak woodlands and riparian edges of Delta Meadows. Access regimes vary from the strict stipulations limiting public access within mitigation banks, to the open access regimes of navigable, and tidally influenced waterways. Public human uses of these landscapes vary according to access and include, scientific monitoring, active and passive land management, law enforcement presence and patrol, citizen science, agricultural activities, recreational activities, as well as others. In addition to the sanctioned uses of these landscape, unsanctioned uses have also been identified where observed. These case studies were assembled through a review of printed and on-line resources, participant interviews, extensive field work, on-site photography (both ground and aerial) and GIS mapping. Common data sources for GIS maps include the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Historical Ecology Study data set for the early 1900’s USGS surveys, historic habitats, coastlines and waterways; USGS data portal for surveys and historic imagery from the 1950s onward; and the CA department of Water Resources for current levee centerlines. Human use of Restored and Naturalized Delta Landscapes 2 Appendix Key map of nine Delta case Studies. Human use of Restored and Naturalized Delta Landscapes 3 Appendix YOLO BYPASS WILDLIFE AREA Human use of Restored and Naturalized Delta Landscapes 4 Appendix HISTORY The Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area comprises approximately 16,770 acres of managed wildlife habitat and agricultural land within the Yolo Bypass (Bypass). The 59,000 acre Bypass conveys seasonal high flows from the Sacramento River to help control river stage and protect the cities of Sacramento, West Sacramento, and Davis and other local communities, farms, and lands from flooding. Flood control is the official prioritized use of all bypass lands, under which all other uses are subservient. Of note, the Wildlife Area is currently the sole multifunctional and multi-use floodplain landscape in the delta, where agriculture, wildlife habitat and flood protection (farm, fish, fowl, flood) objectives are achieved while also providing opportunities for public access, recreation, and education. How these uses are integrated and choreographed upon the landscape (and how that choreography is evolving) is of particular relevance for this study. The Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area (YBWA) is located within the historic Yolo Basin of the Sacramento Valley and is part of the CDFW’s Bay-Delta Region. It lies almost entirely within the Yolo Bypass in Yolo County, between the cities of Davis and West Sacramento. The YBWA is also located along the Pacific Flyway, which reaches as far north as Alaska and extends south to Patagonia. By the 1950’s the loss of waterfowl habitat in the Central Valley was becoming an issue of broad concern. Members of the local community saw in the Yolo Bypass an opportunity to address habitat loss in a way that did not threaten agricultural interests. To harmonize the multiple uses of the landscape - flood control, farming, habitat restoration and duck hunting - required engagement with all the local government agencies, private landowners, and other interest groups, each pursuing their own set of objectives. The Yolo Basin Foundation (YBF), a community based non-profit organization, was founded in 1990 as a community based organization to assist in the establishment of the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area. After years of public meetings and engagement with federal, state, and local government officials, as well as landowners, land for the Wildlife Area was acquired by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) in 1997.1 The Wildlife Area continued to expand, with land acquisitions in 2001, 2002, and 2004. It is now approximately 16,770 acres of actively managed land in the Yolo Bypass, providing both wildlife habitat and an agricultural base. The YBWA has received national attention as a model for collaborative restoration. President William J. Clinton, who dedicated the Area in 1997, recognized its unique contributions to wildlife restoration consistent with multiple uses. Images left to right: Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area as surveyed in the early 1900s (current boundary of the wildlife area overlayed); Aerial in 1937; Aerial in 2014. Maps Brett Milligan. OWNERSHIP The YBWA is owned and managed by CDFW. MANAGEMENT The Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area (YBWA) is composed of 17 separate management units grouped under 4 headings. The geographic shape and arrangement of these headings reflects land acquisitions and previous ownership (i.e., Causeway Ranch, Original Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, Los Rios Farms Complex, and Tule Ranch). Causeway Ranch units are mostly composed of farmland, with the exception being the approximately 25-acre Green’s Lake. The lake is surrounded by riparian vegetation and is one of the very few mature riparian woodland areas existing within the Yolo Bypass. Human use of Restored and Naturalized Delta Landscapes 5 Appendix Corn, hay, safflower, tomatoes, rice, wild rice, milo, and wheat are grown, some managed specifically as shorebird habitat on a 3-year rotational basis. The Original Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area units include seasonal and permanent wetland, farmland, grassland, and riparian vegetation communities. The landmark eucalyptus grove is located on the west side of the Causeway unit. A complex web of underground pipeline and fiber optic cable easements crosses the unit making active management for wildlife habitat difficult. Additionally, the numerous concrete slabs that were once part of a previous incarnation of the Yolo Causeway lie shallowly buried over several acres, making the area unmanageable and a potential hazard to vehicles and pedestrians. Extensive wetlands restoration has occurred within Original Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area units, mostly through a 1993 USACE Yolo Basin Wetlands project and ongoing projects involving the California Waterfowl Association (CWA), using funds from North American Wetlands Conservation Act (NAWCA) grants. Several parking lots are sited in the Original Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area units as well as areas designated for hunting. The entire South unit has been primarily managed as sanctuary with no public use allowed (Edaw 2008). Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area and adjacent industrial landscape of West Sacramento. Northern Portion of the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, seen during a relatively dry stage prior to winter rains (early October, 2015). A visitor parking area is visible in the foreground, as well as roadways for public access and maintenance. Human use of Restored and Naturalized Delta Landscapes 6 Appendix Northern Portion of the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, showing perennial flooded wetlands. December, 2015. The Los Rios Farms Complex units include a mix of farmland, seasonal and permanent wetland, grassland, and riparian vegetation communities. Included is the 153 acre Los Rios WRP unit, under perpetual easement with the Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA NRCS). Also