Landscapes of Resilience: O'odham Resource Use in the Colonial Pimería Alta Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Mathwich, Nicole Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 12:03:03 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/631374 LANDSCAPES OF RESILIENCE: O’ODHAM RESOURCE USE IN THE COLONIAL PIMERIA ALTA by Nicole Mathwich __________________________ Copyright © Nicole Mathwich 2018 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2018 Mathwich 2 Barnet Pavao-Zuckerman Mathwich 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research presented in this dissertation was funded by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, Society for Ethnobiology, Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society, Southwest Mission Research Center, and the School of Anthropology Stanley J. Olsen Fellowship and Haury Fellowship. There are no words to describe the deep gratitude I feel towards my dissertation co-chairs Mary Stiner and Tom Sheridan and advisor Barnet Pavão-Zuckerman, who have patiently guided me over the past few years. They undertook the formidable challenge of balancing my joyful pursuit of new ideas and methods and with the rigors of quality research and professional scholarship. Through their mentorship and example, I have also learned the considerable labor, time, and odd phone calls required to help turn a student into a professional. I am grateful for that time and effort. I wish to thank my committee members Terry Majewski and Barbara Mills for their valuable input in drafts and in the defense, which has strengthened the final product. This dissertation would not exist without the experience, generosity, opportunities, and years of support I received from the Arizona State Museum, especially from John McClelland, Patrick Lyons, Jim Watson, Dale Brenneman, and Michael Brescia. At the School of Anthropology, Diane Austin, Steve Kuhn, and David Killick have been particular guiding forces that I wish to thank for their help and support. This work was made possible through the cooperation and resources of Arizona State Museum, Western Archaeological and Archival Center, Tumacácori National Historic Park, and the Environmental Stable Isotopes Laboratory at UA. I am grateful to Alex Ruff for his work and data collection for the stable isotopes study. The research presented in this dissertation owes a debt to and builds on the research of many, particularly Rebecca Dean and Bunny Fontana. At the University of Arizona, I found an incredible, collegial community of researchers, professors, and students, past and present. Over years of happy hours, field and lab work, conferences, and shared meals, tears, and laughter, we have created a community that has nourished our spirits. Particularly, I would like to thank Lucero Radonic for giving us an excellent place to live, Cari Tusing for her friendship, and Katie MacFarland for her patient friendship and weekly support through the thick and thin. I wish to acknowledge and thank my parents, Brian and Andrea Mathwich who provided unstinting support and acceptance of my love of archaeology and trust in my abilities over decades. This dissertation began intellectually in California, and I am indebted to Michelle Bezanson, Linda Hylkema, and Lee Panich at Santa Clara University for continuing to stoke that interest and providing me with the tools and training to pursue it further. Finally, I’d like to thank Pablo, who took a chance and travelled 5,738 miles to the desert of Tucson to learn a new language, learn how to drive, start a new career, and create a new life with me. Mathwich 4 Dedication To Pablo Rodriguez Garcia Mathwich 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 10 List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 1. Ecologies of colonialism ................................................................................. 14 Organization of dissertation .......................................................................................... 17 The Spanish Empire in the Pimería Alta....................................................................... 18 Archaeological approaches to colonialism ................................................................... 20 Theoretical approach of this dissertation ...................................................................... 21 Settler-colonialism narratives in the United States ....................................................... 23 Other reflections........................................................................................................ 25 Contributions to the field .............................................................................................. 26 Chapter 2. Theoretical framework .................................................................................... 29 What is colonialism? ................................................................................................. 30 Leaving the shadow of acculturation ............................................................................ 37 Challenges to Eurocentrism .......................................................................................... 41 Multi-vocality in practice .............................................................................................. 44 Complexity in archaeology ........................................................................................... 45 Examining the Pimería Alta through persistence .......................................................... 49 Chapter 3. Spanish colonialism in western North America .............................................. 51 Waves of colonialism ................................................................................................ 52 Mathwich 6 The Columbian Exchange ......................................................................................... 55 New Mexico .................................................................................................................. 58 Alta California .............................................................................................................. 61 Pimería Alta .................................................................................................................. 64 Prehistoric overview ................................................................................................. 64 Subsistence and settlement ....................................................................................... 65 Colonial intensification and revolt in the Pimería Alta ............................................ 68 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 73 Chapter 4. Geology, hydrology, & ecology of the Santa Cruz Basin ............................... 75 Geology ......................................................................................................................... 75 Mountain range composition and soil ....................................................................... 76 Hydrology ................................................................................................................. 77 Climate .......................................................................................................................... 80 Periodic wet cycles and droughts .............................................................................. 82 Seasonal temperatures ............................................................................................... 84 Stable oxygen isotopes in water ................................................................................ 85 Water storage and evaporation .................................................................................. 86 Plant communities ......................................................................................................... 88 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 91 Chapter 5. Long-term animal use in the Santa Cruz River Valley ................................... 93 Mathwich 7 Decolonizing archaeology ............................................................................................ 95 New chronologies ..................................................................................................... 96 Methodological segregation ...................................................................................... 98 The Pimería Alta as a case study .............................................................................. 99 Methods....................................................................................................................... 100 Results ......................................................................................................................... 106 Index by period ......................................................................................................