INSTITUTE FOR TROPOSPHERIC RESEARCH WISSENSCHAFTSGEMEINSCHAFT BiennialBiennial GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ ReportReport 1999/2000 Biennial Report 11999999 & 22000000 INSTITUTE FOR TROPOSPHERIC RESEARCH WISSENSCHAFTSGEMEINSCHAFT GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ Impressum Impressum Published by Institute for Tropospheric Research (IfT) Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. Leipzig (IfT) Member of the Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (WGL) Postal address: Permoserstr. 15 Phone: ++49 - 341-235-2321 04318 Leipzig Fax: ++49 - 341-235-2361 Germany E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.tropos.de Editors Konstanze Kunze, Andrea Mehlhose, Katja Schmieder, Monika Schulze Editorial Board Jost Heintzenberg, Hartmut Herrmann, Eberhard Renner Technical management / DTP / Layout Katja Schmieder Printed by MERKUR Druck- und Kopierzentrum GmbH Hauptmannstraße 4 04109 Leipzig Internet: http://www.merkurdruck.de Photo and illustration credits © IfT; all pages, except for pages: 12: courtesy of A. Petzold, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) 53: Archives: Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt und Geologie, G.Engler ”Kahleberg - (LSG Osterzgebirge) - 10/1996“. Table of contents Introduction and Overview 3 Detailed contributions to current research projects N Lindenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment 1998 (LACE98) 11 N Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) 15 N Size segregated characterization of fi ne particulate matter in Leipzig and Melpitz 27 N Multiphase modeling and laboratory studies 34 N The micro-scale meteorological model MITRAS: An overview 42 Short contributions to current research projects N Submicrometer particles in the tropopause region (CARIBIC) 49 N Temperature profi ling in the troposphere using a Raman lidar 51 N National and transboundary effects of emission changes on components of precipitation in Saxon border regions (OMKAS-Project) 53 N Cloud water analysis with high pressure liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry 55 N Cloud processing of mineral dust particles and the effects on cloud microphysics 57 N On the infl uence of large-eddy simulation (LES)-based turbulence parameters on mesoscale cloud forecast 59 N Tethered balloon measurements with MAPS-Y 62 N Particle formation and growth in the IfT laminar fl ow tube (IfT-LFT) 64 N The effect of subgridscale tubulence on the formation of new particles 67 N Parallelization of Chemistry-Transport Models 70 N The gas-phase reaction of OH radicals with benzene 73 N Direct investigations of OH reactions in aqueous solution 75 N Dry deposition of ammonia over grassland - micrometeorological fl ux gradient measurements and bidirectional fl ux calculations using an inferential model 78 Appendix N Publications 83 N University courses 100 N Doctoral theses 102 N Master theses 103 N Guest scientists 104 N Scientifi c events 105 N Memberships 106 N National and international cooperation 107 N Boards 110 Introduction Overview& Introduction and Overview Introduction and Overview In the outskirts of Leipzig, on the campus of the aerosols, and clouds important physico-chemical former Academy of Sciences, in close neighborhood processes of aerosol and cloud formation and of the Environmental Research Center, other the relationships with climate and health are research establishments and businesses you fi nd poorly understood. This limitation is mainly due to the Institute for Tropospheric Research. It was analytical diffi culties with the very small samples founded in 1991 for the investigation of physical and with the complex behavior of tropospheric and chemical processes in the polluted troposphere multiphase systems, in which individual processes (roughly the fi rst 10 km of our atmosphere). seldom can be distinguished. In climate research Fig. 1: IfT main building. Meanwhile a well-defi ned and globally unique this limitation is refl ected in much larger research profi le emerged with a focus on aerosols, uncertainties in predicted anthropogenic aerosol i.e. small airborne particles and clouds. Despite and cloud effects in comparison to numbers their minute absolute amount aerosols and clouds published by the Intergovernmental Panel on are essential parts of the atmosphere because Climate Change for additional greenhouse gases. they control the budgets of energy, water and Rapid advances in our understanding of trace substances of the Earth System. The tropospheric multiphase processes and an research interest in these highly disperse systems application of this process understanding to the is stimulated foremost by their potential change prediction of the consequences of human impacts through human activities. These system changes can only be expected from concerted approaches feed back into the anthroposphere not only through from several directions. Consequently, the Institute regional and global climate change but also directly for Tropospheric Research conducts fi eld studies in through health effects of inhaled haze and fog several polluted regions parallel to the development particles. of analytical methods for aerosol and cloud Despite strong connections between humans, research. 3 Introduction and Overview Fig. 2: Particle sampling systems during the INTERCOMP 2000 campaign at the research station Melpitz. These tools are not only applied in fi eld experiments contemporary fuels is one of the most prominent but also in extensive laboratory investigations, aerosol sources. However, these sources are which form a second major activity. A third still poorly characterised in terms of climate- and equally important approach consists of the relevant aerosol parameters. In collaboration with formulation and application of numerical models car manufacturers the institute establishes size that reach from process models to regional dependent particle emission data of cars at test simulations of the formation, transformation and stands, in particular in the nanometer size range effects of tropospheric multiphase systems. that was not covered by conventional emission studies. According to long-term measurements of Field experiments the institute in a street canyon the car related emissions of particles and their precursor gases The atmosphere is an aerosol, i.e. a carrier gas are subject to strong physical and chemical mixture with suspended solid and liquid particles. transformations even before they reach the Field experiments elucidate the atmospheric life sidewalk. These transformations will be investigated cycle and related processes of aerosol and cloud by a new mobile aerosol laboratory on a trailer particles. This task is vastly more diffi cult than behind a moving car in traffi c. comparable trace gas studies, in which only one Emission studies at cars are complemented by number has to be known for each substance at measurements at stationary combustion sources. each point in time and space. Particles sizes Here the research focuses on particle properties over more than six orders of magnitude occur that determine the absorption of solar radiation. in atmospheric aerosols and clouds, all of which Dedicated methods have been developed for the play an important role in certain processes. All analysis of soot components, a major absorber of condensable substances of the Earth System can sun light. With aerosol measurements at welding be found in the aerosol and a large number of stands fi nally the Institute for Tropospheric research them contributes to climate and biospheric effects. characterises toxic industrial particle emissions. As a consequence of this multidimensional system Health related aerosol studies will be expanded in essential aerosol and cloud properties are not well- the future in collaboration with the Environmental established on a global scale yet. Research Center with coupled indoor and outdoor The uncertainty and thus the studies of the aerosol experiments and concurrent clinical Institute for Tropospheric Research start with investigations in the urban region of Leipzig. particle sources. The combustion of fossil and Even the largest highly polluted regions in the 4 Introduction and Overview plumes of North America, Europe, the Indian subcontinent and Eastern Asia are insuffi ciently characterised in terms of aerosol burdens and ensuing climate effects. Thus, the institute focused the most recent fi eld campaigns on the European and Indian plumes. These experiments were conducted within a large framework of international collaboration. As baseline reference an austral area near Tasmania has been studied. By means of an intercontinental commercial aircraft, the results of the regional experiments are connected through regular CARIBIC fl ights between Germany, the Indian Ocean and Southern Africa (cf. Fig. 3). Process studies are conducted at suitable locations Fig. 3: The logo of the international project CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation of the atmos- such as mountain observatories, tethered balloons phere Based on an Instrument Container). and over cooling towers of large power plants. Fig. 4: Tethered balloon measurements near the coast of the North Sea. These experiments are dedicated to particle three-dimensional meteorology-chemistry-transport nucleation, particle processing through clouds and model. With this model system as a toolbox the infl uence of anthropogenic aerosols on the scientifi c as well as legal tasks are addressed. optical properties of clouds. The Fifth Framework Program of the European Union states as long-term goal that no critical Modeling loads may be exceeded in the acidifi cation and