Bioenergy and Water Editors: J.F. Dallemand & P.W. Gerbens-Leenes 2013 Report EUR 26160 EN European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy & Transport Contact information J.F.Dallemand Address: Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, TP 450, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +39 0332 789937 http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/. JRC84632 EUR 26160 EN ISBN 978-92-79-33188-6 (print) ISBN 978-92-79-33187-9 (pdf) ISSN 1018-5593 (print) ISSN 1831-9424 (online) doi:10.2790/94637 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013 © European Union, 2013 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Italy Bioenergy and water Table of contents - Foreword, JF Dallemand, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, W.Gerbens Leenes, Twente University, The Netherlands - The Biofuel and Bioenergy Roadmaps of the International Energy Agency, A.Eisentraut, International Energy Agency (IEA) Paris……………………………… page 3 - EU framework, Renewable Energy Directive and the quantitative targets from the NREAPs (National Renewable Energy Action Plans) of the 27 European Union Member States N.Scarlat, JF Dallemand, European Commission, Joint Research Centre …………. page 15 - Bioenergy & Water, Challenges & opportunities, G.Berndes, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden……………………………... page 49 - Water footprint quantification of energy at global level, W.Gerbens Leenes, Twente University, The Netherlands……………………………… page 61 - Agrofuels and water in Argentina, A.Anschau, A.Acevedo, Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales, Argentina page 77 - Bioenergy & water: Brazilian sugar cane ethanol, F.Scarpare, Brazilian Bioethanol Science & Technology Laboratory, CTBE, Campinas, Brazil……………………………………………………………………………. page 89 - Hydrological consequences of jatropha on waste lands in developing countries, S.Wani, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, ICRISAT, India ……………………………………………………………………………… page 103 -Water Impact of French biofuels development at the 2030 horizon, J.F.Bonnet, Université de Bordeaux D.Lorne IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rueil-Malmaison, France ………………………… page 117 - Bioenergy & water in Australia, B.George, University of New England and New South Wales, Australia …………… page 143 - Impact of land use change due to bioenergy on regional hydrology, C.Bernacchi, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign/Energy Bioscience Institute, USA ……………………………………………………………………………….. page 159 - Mapping the potential water use of biofuel feedstock production in South Africa, R.Kunz, G.Jewitt, Centre for Water Resources Research, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa …………………………………………………... page 173 - The water footprint of biofuels from microalgae, W.Gerbens Leenes, Twente University, The Netherlands …………………………….. page 191 - EU Legislative tools to protect water resources, F.Bouraoui, European Commission, Joint Research Centre ………………………… page 201 - U.S. Federal and State Water Laws’ Impact on Bioenergy Policy, J.Endres, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign/Energy Bioscience Institute .. page 211 - Certification systems and other schemes for bioenergy-related water impacts, H.Fehrenbach, IFEU, Institute for Energy and Environment, Heidelberg, Germany …………………………………………………………………………………….. page 225 - Bioenergy & water: Doing the right thing ? A literature review, M.Banja, JF Dallemand, European Commission, Joint Research Centre …………. page 243 Foreword An important challenge in the twenty-first century is to supply the growing world population that requires more and more energy per person with sufficient energy. Today, this energy supply is mainly based on fossil energy carriers that have large drawbacks, like the impact on climate change and the depletion of the resources. Renewable energy, for example wind energy, solar energy or bioenergy, might be important energy sources in the future. Bioenergy is renewable energy from organic material. It corresponds to three main feedstock categories (agriculture, forestry & waste) for three main uses (transport, heat & electricity). The development of bioenergy is often considered as a positive option due to its contribution to the mitigation of climate change, agricultural and rural development, energy security and innovation policies. Nevertheless, concerns have been raised during the last few years about risks or bad practices, sometimes evolving into large scale controversy, especially in relation to greenhouse gas emissions. The need to ensure that bioenergy development will be based on sustainable water management is in our view essential, taking into account the need to increase food production and to simultaneously accommodate other uses of water resources, both for quantity & quality. This publication thus contains data and information related to methodologies of impact assessment, practical case studies, scenario analysis, discussion of sustainability certification schemes, all focusing on bioenergy & water. This publication has been prepared as a follow-up of the Session on Bioenergy & Water of the Sixth World Water Forum (Marseille, 2012). This document was prepared by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, with the support of the University of Twente (the Netherlands) and of the International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 43 (Biomass Feedstock for Energy Markets). This Report is based on voluntary contributions and we wish to thank all the contributors from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, the European Commission, France, Germany, India, the International Energy Agency, the Netherlands, South Africa, Sweden, the United States, for their availability and their scientific input. We do hope this document will become a useful reference for those interested in the sustainability of bioenergy and will contribute to the diffusion of good practices of water management at global, national or local level. J.F. Dallemand (European Commission Joint Research Centre) P.W. Gerbens Leenes (University of Twente) The Biofuel and Bioenergy Roadmaps of the International Energy Agency A.Eisentraut International Energy Agency, Renewable Energy Division, 9 Rue de la Fédération, 75739, Paris Cedex 15, France Abstract Bioenergy is the largest source of renewable energy today and can provide heat, electricity, as well as transport fuels. The Technology Roadmaps Bioenergy for Heat and Power, and Biofuels for Transport highlight the importance of bioenergy in providing renewable electricity, heat in buildings and in industry, as well as low-carbon biofuels in the transport sector. The roadmaps envisage world total primary bioenergy supply increasing from 50 EJ today to 160 EJ in 2050, with 100 EJ of this for generation of heat and power. By 2050 bioenergy could provide 3 000 TWh of electricity, i.e. 7.5% of world electricity generation. In addition heat from bioenergy could provide 22 EJ (15% of total) of final energy consumption in industry and 24 EJ (20% of total) in the buildings sector in 2050. Biofuels could provide 32 EJ of low-carbon fuels, meeting 27% of world transport fuels demand in 2050. In total this could provide 3.6 Gt CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq.) emission savings per year in 2050 compared to a business-as-usual scenario, if the feedstock can be produced sustainably and used efficiently, with very low life-cycle GHG emissions. The roadmap identifies key actions by different stakeholders in the bioenergy sector, and sets out milestones for technology development in order to achieve a doubling of global bioenergy supply by 2050. It addresses the need for further research and development (R&D) efforts, highlights measures to ensure sustainability of biomass production, and underlines the need for international collaboration to enhance the production and use of sustainable, modern bioenergy in different world regions. 1. Background Current trends in energy supply and use are unsustainable–economically, environmentally and socially, and International Energy Agency (IEA) analysis shows that without decisive action, energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could more than double by 2050, and energy security could be seriously compromised in many regions (IEA, 2012). To address these challenges, the IEA, at the request of the G8, is developing a series of technology roadmaps for some of the most important low-carbon technologies needed to reduce global energy- 1 related CO2 emissions by 50% in 2050 compared to 2005 levels. The basis for all roadmaps is the 2°C scenario (2DS) developed for the IEA publication Energy Technology Perspectives (IEA, 2012). Two recently published roadmaps are focussing on Biofuels for Transport and Bioenergy for Heat and Power. Each roadmap develops a growth path for the covered technologies from today to 2050, and identifies technology, financing, policy and public engagement milestones that need to be achieved to realise the technology’s full potential (for more information and to download the roadmaps