TurkJZool 28(2004)329-335 ©TÜB‹TAK EdibleSnails(Terrestrial)ofTurkey M.ZekiYILDIRIM SüleymanDemirelUniversity,BurdurEducationFaculty,Burdur-TURKEY ÜmitKEBAPÇI,BurçinAflk›mGÜMÜfi SüleymanDemirelUniversity,InstituteofSciences,Isparta-TURKEY Received:27.05.2003 Abstract: EdiblespeciesandtheirdistributioninTurkeywerestudied.TheabsenceofHelixpomatia,aspeciesreportedtooccurin Turkeyinresourcesinvariousdisciplines,ismentioned,while7speciesofediblesnailsdetermined( Thebapisana,Eobania vermiculata,Cryptomphalusaspersus,Cantareusapertus,Helixasemnis,Helixcincta and Helixlucorum)aredescribedindetailby meansofmorphology,distribution,systematicalpositions,andakeytothespeciesisgiven.Additionally,problemsaboutthefuture ofsnailharvestinginTurkeyandstandardstobeappliedarediscussed. KeyWords: ediblesnails,Helix,collecting Türkiye’ninYenilebilenKarasalSalyangozlar› Özet: Buçal›flmada,Türkiye’deyenilebilirkarasalyangoztürleriveyay›l›fllar›incelenmifltir.Çeflitlidisiplinlereaitkaynaklarda var oldugubildirilenHelixpomatiatürününTürkiye’deyaflamad›¤›belirtilmifl,bunakarfl›nTürkiye’detespitedilen7tür(T hebapisana, Eobaniavermiculata,Cryptomphalusaspersus,Cantareusapertus,Helixasemnis,Helixcincta ve Helixlucorum)morfoloji,yay›l›fl, sistematikdurumlar›ileaç›klanm›flvetürlereaitbiranahtarverilmifltir.Ekolaraksalyangoztoplay›c›l›¤›n›ngelece¤iiçin olas› problemlerveuygulanmas›öngörülenstandartlartart›fl›lm›flt›r. AnahtarSözcükler: yenilebilensalyangozlar,Helix,toplama Introduction Togetherwithtaste,snailmeat(orescargot)has Therearethousandsoflandsnailspecies,rangingin severaladvantagesoverothers:quitelowlipidrateand sizefrom1mmtotheGiantAfricansnail(Achatinafulica) calorievaluesversusrichmineral,essentialaminoacid Ω growinguptoafootlong.Snailshavebeeneatensince andfattyacidcontent(Table1).Withhigher -3fatty prehistorictimes.InancientRome,cochlearia(=snail acidcontent,quitelowinothermeats,snailmeatisfound gardens)wereestablishedtofattenupselectedandbred beafactoraffectinghigherlifespanandlowercancer snails(Grisse,1991).Furthermore,Romanscasuallyor rateinCretanpeoplecomparedwiththoseofcontinental purposelyintroducedediblespeciesintoBritain,Western Europe.Themineralsaltsarecalcium,magnesium,zinc, Europe,theBalkanPeninsula,andAegeanislands. Especiallylargerspecies(like Helix spp., Achatina spp.) Table1. Comparisonofnutritionalvaluesinsnailmeat,beef,chicken, andfish(Cheney,1988). areeatenandculturedmainlyintheUSA,EuropeandFar East. Snail Beef Chicken Fish Twospeciesknownasescargot, H.aspersa and H. Lipids(%) 0.5–0.8 11.5 12 1.5 pomatia,arecommerciallyimportant.Therearesome Calories/100gr 60–80 163 120 70 additionalspecies,buttheyareeitherlessabundant(like Proteins(%) 13.5 22.1 8.5 15 Cantareusapertus=Helixaperta)oronlylocallyeaten.For Water(%) 83,8 72 70.6 81 example, Xerocrassacretica and Helixcincta are Others(%) 1.9 0.9 0.8 25 consumedinpartsofCrete(Welter-Schültes,1998). 329 EdibleSnails(Terrestrial)ofTurkey copper,manganese,cobalt,andiodine(Cadart,1955; thebiologyandidentificationofsnailsisnecessaryfor Grisse,1991;SeçerandEken,1993;Yıldırım ,et.al. , collectors.Thisstudydealswiththeidentificationof 1999).Ediblesnailsalsoplayaroleasaremedyand ediblesnails,potentials,andnecessarystandardsin recentstudieshaveshownthatglandularsubstancesfrom Turkey. thesecauseagglutinationofbacteria,animportanthope forcuringwhoopingcoughandsimilardiseases (DaguzzanandRouet,1982;Cheney,1988;deGrisse, MaterialandMethods 1991). Thematerialusedinthisstudywascollectedfrom Fortasteanddigestibility,itisanexpensivefoodin differentsitesinTurkeybetween1993and2002. USAmarkets,thepriceoflivesnailsisca.$5.5/kg(to Sampleswerecollectedinsuitableseasonsoftheyear comparebelow$0.3inTurkey),andwhenextracted (especiallyinspring);eitherbyhandorwithother fromtheshellabout$28/kg(obtainedfromca.2kgof standardmethodsmentionedintheliterature(Licharew livesnails).TheUSAaloneimportsca.$200million andRammelmeier,1962;KerneyandCameron,1979). worthofsnailseachyear,primarilyfromTaiwanand Collectedmaterialsweredepositedasalcoholsamplesand France(Cheney,1988,Gicart,1994). emptyshellsintheE¤irdirFisheriesFacultyandthe authors’collection. AlthoughnoteatenbyTurkishpeople,snailmeat (escargot)isanimportantexportiteminTurkey.Snail meatisexportedmainlytoEuropeancountries(France, ResultsandDiscussion Greece,Germany,Italy,andSpain).Acccordingtothe Accordingtotheresultsofourstudysince1993,7 IGEME1994report,473,800kgin1988,777,430kg speciesfoundinTurkeyareeconomicallyimportantand in1989,and527,948kg.in1990,wereexported. ediblespecies(inparanthesisaretheircommercial Althoughactualnumbersareexpectedtobehigher, names): Cryptomphalusaspersus (escargotchagrine, productionislowcomparedtoothersuppliers,e.g.in gardensnail),Cantareusaperta (burrowingsnail),Helix Hungaryannualproductionisroughly3000tons.The lucorum and Helix(asemnis)adanensis (escargoturc) , reasonsmustbethewayofcollectingwithout Eobaniavermiculata(vinyala,xona),Thebapisana(cargol organizationorstandards,aswellastheabsenceofactive avellanenc,bandedsnail),andHelixcincta. cultivationefforts.Turkeyhasthegeographicaland climaticpotentialforbothcultivationandharvestingof Othersimilaredibleorpotentiallyediblespeciesfound snails,thussomemethodologicalapproachisneededfor inTurkeyareunknowninworldmarketsandsomeare thedevelopmentofthissector.Basicinformationabout eitherrareorlocal. AkeyfortheedibleterrestrialspeciesinTurkey 1 Shellsmall(D<20mm),whitetolightbrown,narrowumbilicus……...............................................Thebapisana -Shelllarge(D>25mm),darker,noumbilicus................................................................................................2 2 Spirallow,5-6whorls,mouthcompressed,edgesthickandreflected.........………..…......….. Eobaniavermiculata -Spiralsphericaltoconical,4-5whorls,onlythecolumellaredgereflected.........................................................3 3 Shellthinandweak,smaller(D=23-39mm)...................................................................................................4 -Shellthick,larger(D=35-55mm)...............................................................................................................5 4 Spiralconical,banded....................................................................................................Cryptomphalusaspersus -Spiralrounded,notbanded...................................................................................................Cantareusapertus 5 Largestdiameter>45mm,darkbrownwithwhitishperipheralband...............................................Helixlucorum -Largestdiameter<45mm,lighterwithbrownperipheralband......................................................................6 6 Lastturnregularwithbroadbands,peristomehigh(=1/2h)andwhitish..........................................Helixasemnis -Lastturncompressedwiththinbands,peristomeshorterandbrown............................................... Helixcincta 330 M.Z.YILDIRIM,Ü.KEBAPÇI,B.A.GÜMÜfi FamiliaHelicidaeRAFINESQUE,1815 outsidelight;insertationsarewidelyseparatedfromeach SubfamiliaHelicinaeRAFINESQUE,1815 otherandthereisnocallus;umbilicusistotallycovered. TribusEuparyphiniPERROT,1939 DistributioninTurkey:Inallcoastalparts. Thebapisana(O.F.MÜLLER1774)(Figure1.1) GeneralDistribution: Distributedin circummediterraneanarea,butnotrareinsynanthropic Description: Shellmoderatesized(D=18±2mm), oragriculturalareas(LicharewandRammelmeier,1962; somewhatcompressedspherical,narrowumbilicus,thin KerneyandCameron,1979;FechterandFalkner,1989, withdense,irregularandfinestripes,withdistinctspiral Schütt,2001). linesorribs,whitetolightbrown,patternvariable, ornatedwithbands,lines,orspots.Most Habitat: Fields,countryside,gardens,vineyards.It characteristicallylowerbandsareverythin,whilethe climbsuptrees,palms,bushesandfencesonhotdaytime. upperonesarebranchedandseparated;alsowithout Cryptomphalusaspersus (O.F.MÜLLER1774) bands.5turns,firstturnswithsharpkeelthatdisappears (Figure1.3) slowly,lastturnwithoutkeel,quiteswollenandsmooth Description: Shelllarge(H=30-35,D=32-39mm) sided.Inyoung,allturnssharplykeeled.Peristome andrelativelythin-walled(nearlytranslucent), rounded,crescent-like;edgessharp,mosthavingrosyred compressedsphericalwithbroadconicspiralandblunt lipandinsidesofperistome.Columellaredgebriefly apex;41/2wellrounded,quicklyincreasingturns,last broadenedandstronglycurved. beingswollenanddescendingstronglytowards DistributioninTurkey :Marmara,Ege,Akdeniz, peristome;shellsurfacecoveredwithcharacteristic WestandMiddleKaradenizregions. wrinkledpattern;with5broad,darkreddishbrownto GeneralDistribution: DistributiontypeisAtlantic- blackishbandsonyellowishbackground,sometimes Mediterranean;foundinwholeMediterraneanareaandin fusedandyellowcolorisrestrictedtoperipheralzoneand AtlanticcoastfromMoroccotoEngland.Exportedto theshellbase.Thereisalsoaverticalbuffishpatternof SouthAfrica(KerneyandCameron,1979;Fechterand zigzagsorbrokenstripes.Peristomehigh,egg-like, Falkner;1989,Schütt,2001). inclinedoutwardsanddownwards,notchedslightlyby penultimateturn.Mouthedgesarethinandgreatly Habitat: Dunes,xerothermicundexposedplacesclose reflected,lipbeingwhite. tosea.Thespecimensmaybeobservedinclusterson grassesandfencesonwhichtheyclimbforcooling. Habitat: Shadedareashavinglowaltitude:gardens, parks,hedges,forestsetc. TribusHeliciniRAFINESQUE,1815 DistributioninTurkey :Itisnotabundantinareas Eobaniavermiculata(O.F.MÜLLER1774)(Figure awayfromthecoastaleffect(likeBurdur,Isparta)despite 1.2) warmandquitehumidlocations(Istanbul,Antalya, Description: Shellmoderate(26±4mm,to35mm), Diyarbakır,‹zmir,Bodrumetc.).However,itisrecorded compressedspherical,thick-walled,andwithcovered