Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES IN THE APPEALS CHAMBER Before: Judge Theodor Meron, Presiding Judge Liu Daqun Judge Carmel Agius Judge Khalida Rachid Khan Judge Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov Registrar: Mr. Bongani Majola Judgement of: 30 June 2014 AUGUSTIN BIZIMUNGU v. THE PROSECUTOR Case No. ICTR-00-56B-A ________________________________________________________________________________ JUDGEMENT ________________________________________________________________________________ Counsel for Augustin Bizimungu : The Office of the Prosecutor : Mr. Gilles St-Laurent Mr. Hassan Bubacar Jallow Mr. James J. Arguin Mr. Abdoulaye Seye Mr. Abubacarr Tambadou Ms. Thembile M. Segoete Ms. Florida Kabasinga Mr. Takeh Sendze Ms. Christiana Fomenky Ms. Sunkarie Ballah-Conteh Ms. Betty Mbabazi Mr. Deo Mbuto CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 A. BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................. 1 B. THE APPEALS ............................................................................................................................... 2 II. STANDARDS OF APPELLATE REVIEW ............................................................................... 4 III. APPEAL OF AUGUSTIN BIZIMUNGU ................................................................................. 6 A. FAILURE TO MAKE LEGAL FINDINGS (G ROUNDS 3, 14, 17 TO 19, IN PART ) .................................. 6 1. Genocide .................................................................................................................................. 6 2. Crimes Against Humanity........................................................................................................ 9 3. Serious Violations of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II ............................................................................................................................ 11 4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 12 B. RWANKERI SECTOR (G ROUNDS 1 TO 7) ...................................................................................... 13 1. Notice ..................................................................................................................................... 13 2. Assessment of the Evidence of Prosecution Witness GAP ................................................... 20 3. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 26 C. SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY (G ROUNDS 8 TO 13 AND 15 TO 17, IN PART ) .................................... 27 1. Notice of Elements of Superior Responsibility ..................................................................... 27 (a) Identification of Subordinates and Effective Control ............................................................. 28 (b) Criminal Acts of Bizimungu’s Subordinates ......................................................................... 33 (c) Knowledge of his Subordinates’ Crimes ................................................................................ 36 (d) Failure to Prevent or Punish his Subordinates ....................................................................... 38 (e) Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 39 2. Authority and Effective Control Over Soldiers and Interahamwe ........................................ 39 (a) Authority and Effective Control Over Soldiers of the Rwandan Army ................................. 39 (b) Authority and Effective Control over Interahamwe .............................................................. 46 3. Bizimungu’s Knowledge of the Crimes of his Subordinates ................................................. 51 4. Failure to Prevent Crimes and Punish Culpable Subordinates .............................................. 57 5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 64 D. JOSEPHITE BROTHERS COMPOUND (G ROUND 14) ....................................................................... 65 1. Assessment of the Evidence................................................................................................... 65 2. Bizimungu’s Knowledge ....................................................................................................... 68 3. Failure to Make Legal Findings ............................................................................................. 71 4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 73 E. CYANGUGU STADIUM (G ROUND 15) ........................................................................................... 74 1. Failure to Consider the Ntagerura et al . Case ....................................................................... 74 2. Assessment of the Credibility of Prosecution Witnesses ....................................................... 78 3. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 80 F. BUTARE PREFECTURE OFFICE AND THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF RWANDA (EER) (G ROUND 16) 81 1. Involvement of Soldiers in the Crimes .................................................................................. 81 (a) Killings ................................................................................................................................... 81 (b) Rapes ...................................................................................................................................... 84 2. Bizimungu’s Knowledge ....................................................................................................... 88 3. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 92 G. ÉCOLE DES SCIENCES INFIRMI ERES DE KABGAYI (ESI) (G ROUND 17) ........................................... 93 1. Effective Control Over the Perpetrators ................................................................................ 93 2. Failure to Consider Witness DA5-2’s Evidence .................................................................... 95 3. Bizimungu’s Knowledge ....................................................................................................... 96 4. Failure to Make Legal Findings ............................................................................................. 98 i Case No. ICTR-00-56B-A 30 June 2014 (a) Genocide................................................................................................................................. 98 (b) Murder and Rape as Crimes Against Humanity .................................................................. 100 5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 101 H. MUSAMBIRA COMMUNE OFFICE AND DISPENSARY (G ROUND 18) ........................................... 102 1. Assessment of Prosecution Evidence................................................................................... 102 2. Failure to Consider Defence Evidence ................................................................................ 105 3. Bizimungu’s Knowledge ..................................................................................................... 107 4. Failure to Make Legal Findings ........................................................................................... 109 (a) Genocide............................................................................................................................... 109 (b) Murder as a Crime Against Humanity ................................................................................. 111 5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 113 I. TRAFIPRO (G ROUND 19) ......................................................................................................... 114 1. Assessment of Evidence ...................................................................................................... 114 2. Bizimungu’s Knowledge ..................................................................................................... 117 3. Failure to Make Legal Findings ........................................................................................... 120 (a) Genocide............................................................................................................................... 120 (b) Murder and Rape as Crimes Against Humanity .................................................................. 122 4. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 123 IV. APPEAL OF THE PROSECUTION ..................................................................................... 124 A. RWANKERI SECTOR (G ROUND 1) ............................................................................................