PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY AND HERITAGE VALUE(S): LEARNING FROM URBAN ENVIRONMENTS IN CENTRAL BRAZIL By RENATA DE GODOY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2012 1 © 2012 Renata de Godoy 2 To all Brasilienses (from birth or by choice) 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First I thank the person who stood by me during my entire research, physically, emotionally, and also as a colleague, my dear love Diogo Costa. I thank my family, always so supportive, specially my parents Gil and Maria Tereza, my sister Patricia, and my dear aunt Stela. I appreciate my friends’ support over the years, old friends who have always been by my side, and newer friends I met in Gainesville and in Brazil after returning in 2009, some as classmates, others as workmates, my sincere appreciation to all of you. I am also grateful for the special attention, and for the professional opportunities professor Joseli Macedo has given me. I’d like to thank the professors on my committee, each with so much expertise and wisdom to offer, without them I would have never finished this research. I thank specially my committee chair Augusto Oyuela-Caycedo for his kind words of incentive, countless advice and support. Thanks to Brijesh Thapa for priceless guidance and to Steven Brandt for sharing his thoughts since the very early stages of this research. Truly special thanks to Michael Heckenberger for mentoring during most of this journey, for his support and friendship. As for punctual but nevertheless extremely helpful assistance my special appreciation again to Diogo Costa due to his help formatting and many other tangible and intangible help throughout the PhD program, and to my friend Giovanni Assis Silva for helping me with the maps. I appreciated deeply Alessandra Velloso for kindly let me to stay in her place during part of my fieldwork in Brasília, even though we had never met before. Many thanks to the seven college students that volunteered to help with data collection and analysis (in order of participation): Keyte Lira, Bárbara Teixeira and 4 Luana Gomes; João Carlos Sousa and Guilherme Mesquita (Archaeology major/PUC- GO); Luísa Prudente (History major/UnB); and Fábio Teles (Archaeology major/UFS). My acknowledgements to the individuals that agreed to participate on this research as respondents, providing me with uncountable and precious information that helped building this work, each will be always in my heart. I am especially grateful to Emílio Fogaça for lending me his entire file of paperwork and data about his research at my case study area, and for kiddingly authorizing the publication of his drawings and photographs. And special thanks to: Paulo Henrique Souza (a.k.a. Paulim), Maria Abadia Barberato, Maria Lúcia F. Pardi, and Davi Silva Fagundes for additional help throughout this journey. Many thanks for the Center for Latin America Studies of University of Florida for subsidizing my first fieldwork trip in April and May of 2008 through the Tinker Field Research Fund. And finally my great appreciation for the sponsorship of Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (CNPq/MCT), a Brazilian federal agency that has made possible for me and for many others the full completion of PhD studies worldwide. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 15 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 19 1.1 Heritage Value Perspective - Archaeological Heritage and its Intangible Meaning(s) ........................................................................................................... 21 1.2 Research Question and Hypothesis.................................................................. 23 1.3 Significance of the Research ............................................................................ 24 1.3.1 Public Archaeology .................................................................................. 27 1.3.2 Ownership - Descendents versus Outsiders ........................................... 30 1.4 The Case Study ................................................................................................ 31 1.4.1 Brasília – a Federal Capital built from sketch .......................................... 32 1.4.2 The satellites-cities and ARIE JK............................................................. 35 1.4.2.1 Taguatinga ..................................................................................... 35 1.4.2.2 Ceilândia ........................................................................................ 37 1.4.2.3 Samambaia .................................................................................... 38 1.4.3 The archaeological sites of ARIE JK ....................................................... 39 1.5 Description of Chapters .................................................................................... 40 2 ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE CITY: METHODOLOGY AND PUBLIC SPACE COGNITIONS ......................................................................................................... 50 2.1 Understanding the City ..................................................................................... 52 2.1.1 Anthropology of the city, anthropology in the city .................................... 55 2.1.2 Public spaces – concepts ........................................................................ 60 2.2 Methodology for Qualitative Research - Data Collection and Analysis ............. 62 2.2.1 Individual interviewing - understanding varied perspectives .................... 64 2.2.1.1 Respondents profile ....................................................................... 65 2.2.1.2 Interviews’ dynamics ...................................................................... 68 2.2.2 Written newspapers material ................................................................... 76 2.2.3 People and settings – walking surveys and observations ........................ 79 2.3 ARIE JK and its Contrasts: Data Analysis ......................................................... 81 2.3.1 Interviews ................................................................................................ 85 2.3.2 Newspapers ............................................................................................ 87 6 2.3.3 Walking survey ........................................................................................ 89 2.3.4 Conclusions on data analysis .................................................................. 95 3 ARCHAEOLOGY AND INSTITUTIONAL VALUES ............................................... 113 3.1 Cultural Management Heritage in Brazil – Overview ....................................... 114 3.1.1 IPHAN - institutional setting and archaeological management .............. 116 3.1.2 Brazilian Archaeology – current scenario .............................................. 122 3.2 Brasília’s Institutions and its Archaeological Heritage ..................................... 131 3.3 Institutional Heritage Value for ARIE JK’ Archaeology .................................... 134 3.3.1 The Park’s institutional settings ............................................................. 134 3.3.2 Data analysis ......................................................................................... 140 3.3.2.1 Interviews ..................................................................................... 142 3.3.2.2 Newspapers ................................................................................. 150 3.3.2.3 Walking survey ............................................................................. 152 3.3.3 Media and Archaeology – a not so harmless relationship ..................... 154 3.3.3.1 Interviews ..................................................................................... 154 3.3.3.2 Newspapers ................................................................................. 158 3.3.4 Conclusions on data analysis ................................................................ 159 4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOURISM IN BRAZIL: AN IDEOLOGICAL ENTERPRISE . 168 4.1 Tourism at Heritage Sites – the Challenge of Sustainability ........................... 170 4.2 Archaeotourism - a Viable Idea? ..................................................................... 175 4.3 Heritage Tourism in Brazil ............................................................................... 185 4.3.1 World Heritage in Brazil ......................................................................... 187 4.3.2 Current perspectives for archaeological tourism ................................... 189 4.4 Tourism as the Instrumental Value for Archaeology at ARIE JK ..................... 192 4.4.1 ARIE JK as a tourism destination .......................................................... 195 4.4.2