ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY [Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC] (A State University Established by the Government of Tamil Nadu) KARAIKUDI – 630 003 Directorate of Distance Education P.G. Diploma in Yoga I - Semester 426 11 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF YOGA Reviewer Dr K. Balasubramanian Professor and Head, Department of Physical Education, Alagappa University, Karaikudi Author Neeru Sood, Freelance Author Units (1-14) "The copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University" All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. 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Office: 7361, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi 110 055 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] Work Order No. AU/DDE/DE1-484/Printing of Course Materials/2019 Dated 08.07.2019 Copies-500 SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Historical Development of Yoga BLOCK 1: HISTORY OF YOGA UNIT - I Unit 1: The Origin of Yoga The Origin of Yoga - History of Yoga - Vedic Yoga - Pre-classical Yoga - (Pages 1-19); Classical Yoga - Post-classical Yoga - Definitions of Yoga - Meaning of Yoga Unit 2: Scope of Yoga - Need of Yoga - Scope of Yoga. (Pages 20-33); UNIT - II Unit 3: Messages from The Scope in India - Scope in Aboard - Career Options as Yoga Trainer & Teacher Bhagavad Gita, The Bible - Aims and Objectives of Yoga - Misconceptions of Yoga - i.Yoga is a Sport - and The Quran ii. The Physical Side of Yoga is the Most Important Part - iii. Yoga is only for (Pages 34-49); Women - iv. Every Must Practice the Same Postures - v. Have to be Extremely Unit 4: Islam, Buddhism and Agile to Practice Yoga it is Good to Practice Yoga Postures Out of Doors - vi. Yoga Sutra Incense should be Burned when Practicing Yoga - Yoga is a Religion. (Pages 50-63) UNIT - III Messages from Bhagavat Gita - Glory of Bhagavad Gita - Messages from the Bible - Quotes from the Bile - Messages from Kuran - i. Islam - ii. Belief in God - iii. Belief in the Prosphets and Messages of God - iv. The Prophet Mohammed UNIT - IV The Five Pillars of Islam - i. Testimony of Faith, ii. Prayer, iii. Giving Zakat (Support of the Needly), iv. Fasting during the Month of Ramadan, v. Pilgrimage to Makkah One in a Lifetime for those who are Able - Message from Buddhism - Religion and Spirituality - Panthajali’s Yoga Sutra - Samathi Pada - Sadhana Pad - Vibhuti Pada. BLOCK 2: TYPES OF YOGA UNIT - V Unit 5: Thirumular Thirumular Thirumandiram - i. Asanas, ii. Breath, iii. Exhalation, iv. Cleansing Thirumandiram - v. Breathe Control, vi. Master Death, vii. Pratyahara, viii. Dharana, ix. Dhyana, and Asanas x. Samadhi. (Pages 64-83); UNIT - VI Unit 6: Paths of Yoga Paths of Yoga - Abhava Yoga - Agni-yoga - Bhakti Yoga - Buddhi Yoga - (Pages 84-99); Dhyana Yoga - Kaula Yoga - Kundalini Yoga - Lambika Yoga - Laya-yoga - Unit 7: Karma Yoga Nada Yoga - Pashupata Yoga. (Pages 100-112); UNIT - VII Unit 8: Bhakti Yoga Karma Yoga - Karma Yoga Means - Suggests - Benefits of Karma Yoga - (Pages 113-126) Nishkama Karma Yoga. UNIT - VIII Bhakti Yoga - There are Nine Modes of Devotion that the Bhakthi Yogi Follows - Nature of Real Love or Bhakthi. BLOCK 3: PRINCIPLES OF YOGA UNIT - IX Unit 9: Jnana Yoga Jnana Yoga - i. Viveka, ii. Variagya, iii. Shat-Sampat-(six - virtues), iv. (Pages 127-140); Mumukshutva - Principle of Jnana yoga. Unit 10: Raja Yoga UNIT - X (Pages 141-155); Raja Yoga - Meaning - Carefree Kings - Patanjali’s Astanga Yoga System - Unit 11: Hatha Yoga Royal Yoga - Stage of Samathi. (Pages 156-170) UNIT - XI Hatha Yoga - Classical Hatha Yoga - Definition - Prana and Apana - Sushumna Nadi - Pingala Nadi BLOCK 4: METHODS OF YOGA UNIT - XII Unit 12: Eight Branches of Patanjalis Eight Limbs of Yoga - Yama - Ahimsa or Non-violence - Satya or Yoga – Yama Truthfulness - Asteya or Non-stealing - Bramacharya or Non-lust - Aparigraha (Pages 171-182); or Non-possessiveness. Unit 13: Eight Limbs of UNIT - XIII Yoga – Niyama Niyama - Saucha or Cleanliness - Santosha or Contentment - Tapas or Austerity (Pages 183-195); - Svadhyaya or Study of the Sacred Text and of One’s Self - Isvarapranidhama Unit 14: Eight Limbs of Yoga: or Living with an Awareness of the Divine Other Limbs UNIT - XIV (Pages 196-206) Asana - Pranayama - Pratyahara - Types of Pratyahara - Dharna - Dhyana - Samadhi CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BLOCK I: HISTORY OF YOGA UNIT 1 THE ORIGIN OF YOGA 1-19 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 History of Yoga 1.3 Vedic Yoga 1.4 Pre-Classical Yoga 1.5 Classical Yoga 1.6 Post-Classical Yoga 1.7 Definitions of Yoga 1.7.1 Meaning of Yoga 1.7.2 Need for Yoga 1.8 The Scope of Yoga 1.9 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 1.10 Summary 1.11 Key Words 1.12 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 1.13 Further Readings UNIT 2 SCOPE OF YOGA 20-33 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Scope of Yoga in India 2.2.1 Scope Abroad 2.3 Career Options as Yoga Trainer and Teacher 2.4 Aims and Objectives of Yoga 2.5 Misconceptions of Yoga 2.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 2.7 Summary 2.8 Key Words 2.9 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 2.10 Further Readings UNIT 3 MESSAGES FROM THE BHAGAVAD GITA, THE BIBLE AND THE QURAN 34-49 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Messages from The Bhagavad Gita and the Glory of The Bhagavad Gita 3.3 Messages and Quotes from The Bible 3.4 Messages from The Quran 3.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 3.6 Summary 3.7 Key Words 3.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 3.9 Further Readings UNIT 4 ISLAM, BUDDHISM AND YOGA SUTRA 50-63 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Understanding the Five Pillars of Islam 4.3 Message from Buddhism: Religion and Spirituality 4.3.1 The Three Universal Truths 4.4 Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra and Four Padas 4.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 4.6 Summary 4.7 Key Words 4.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 4.9 Further Readings BLOCK II: TYPES OF YOGA UNIT 5 THIRUMULAR THIRUMANDIRAM AND ASANAS 64-83 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Asanas 5.3 Classic Asanas 5.3.1 Breath and Breathe Control 5.3.2 Exhalation 5.3.3 Cleansing 5.3.4 Master Death 5.3.5 Pratayahara 5.3.6 Dharana 5.3.7 Dhyana 5.3.8 Samadhi 5.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 5.5 Summary 5.6 Key Words 5.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 5.8 Further Readings UNIT 6 PATHS OF YOGA 84-99 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Objectives 6.2 Abhava Yoga: Understanding the Path of Yoga 6.3 Agni Yoga 6.4 Bhakti Yoga 6.5 Buddhi Yoga 6.6 Dhyana Yoga 6.7 Kaula Yoga 6.8 Kundalini Yoga 6.9 Lambika Yoga 6.10 Laya Yoga 6.11 Nada Yoga 6.12 Pashupata Yoga 6.13 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 6.14 Summary 6.15 Key Words 6.16 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 6.17 Further Readings UNIT 7 KARMA YOGA 100-112 7.0 Introduction 7.1 Objectives 7.2 Karma Yoga: Concept and Meaning 7.2.1 What Does Karma Yoga Suggest? 7.2.2 Types of Karma 7.2.3 Karma and its Components 7.2.4 Benefits of Karma Yoga 7.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 7.4 Summary 7.5 Key Words 7.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 7.7 Further Readings UNIT 8 BHAKTI YOGA 113-126 8.0 Introduction 8.1 Objectives 8.2 Nature of Real Love or Bhakti and Bhakti Yoga 8.2.1 The Path of Devotion 8.2.2 Understanding Bhakti and Bhakti Yoga 8.2.3 The Nine Modes of Bhakti 8.2.4 Various Aspects of Bhakti and Bhakti Yoga 8.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 8.4 Summary 8.5 Key Words 8.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 8.7 Further Readings BLOCK III: PRINCIPLES OF YOGA UNIT 9 JNANA YOGA 127-140 9.0 Introduction 9.1 Objectives 9.2 Jnana Yoga: An Overview 9.2.1 Four Pillars of Jnana Yoga 9.2.2 Principles of Jnana Yoga 9.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 9.4 Summary 9.5 Key Words 9.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 9.7 Further Readings UNIT 10 RAJA YOGA 141-155 10.0 Introduction 10.1 Objectives 10.2 Raja Yoga: An Overview 10.2.1 Patanjali’s Ashtanga Yoga System 10.3 Levels of Samadhi 10.3.1 Stages of Samadhi 10.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 10.5 Summary 10.6 Key Words 10.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 10.8 Further Readings UNIT 11 HATHA YOGA 156-170 11.0 Introduction 11.1 Objectives 11.2 Hatha Yoga: An Overview 11.3 Classical Hatha Yoga 11.3.1 Vayu: Prana and Apana 11.3.2 Prana: Types and Functions 11.4 Nadis: Sushumna and Pingala Nadis 11.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 11.6 Summary 11.7 Key Words 11.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 11.9 Further Readings BLOCK IV: METHODS OF YOGA UNIT 12 EIGHT BRANCHES OF YOGA – YAMA 171-182 12.0 Introduction 12.1 Objectives 12.2 Patanjali’s Eight Limbs of