Ablaut and the Latin Verb Aspects of Morphophonological Change Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München vorgelegt von Ville Leppänen aus Tampere, Finnland München 2019 Parentibus Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Olav Hackstein (München) Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Meiser (Halle) Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 17. Mai 2018 ii Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. vii List of abbreviations and symbols ........................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Scope, aim, theory, data, and method ............................................................................. 2 1.2. Previous research ............................................................................................................. 7 1.3. Terminology and definitions ......................................................................................... 12 1.4. Ablaut ............................................................................................................................ 14 2. Verb forms and formations .................................................................................................. 17 2.1. Verb systems overview ................................................................................................. 17 2.1.1. The Proto-Indo-European verb............................................................................... 17 2.1.2. The Proto-Italic verb .............................................................................................. 22 2.1.3. The Latin Verb ....................................................................................................... 27 2.2. Thematic formations ..................................................................................................... 28 2.2.1. Simple thematic presents ........................................................................................ 29 2.2.1.1. Agere ............................................................................................................... 29 2.2.1.2. Canere ............................................................................................................. 31 2.2.1.3. Colere .............................................................................................................. 31 2.2.1.4. Dīcere .............................................................................................................. 32 2.2.1.5. Dūcere ............................................................................................................. 33 2.2.1.6. Emere .............................................................................................................. 34 2.2.1.7. Ferre ................................................................................................................ 35 2.2.1.8. Fīdere .............................................................................................................. 35 2.2.1.9. Legere .............................................................................................................. 36 2.2.1.10. Regere ............................................................................................................ 37 2.2.1.11. Scabere .......................................................................................................... 38 2.2.1.12. Sequī .............................................................................................................. 39 2.2.1.13. Tegere ............................................................................................................ 39 2.2.1.14. Trahere .......................................................................................................... 40 2.2.1.15. Tremere ......................................................................................................... 41 2.2.1.16. °uere .............................................................................................................. 41 2.2.1.17. Unguere ......................................................................................................... 42 2.2.1.18. Vehere ............................................................................................................ 43 2.2.1.19. Vertere ........................................................................................................... 44 2.2.2. i̯e/o-presents ........................................................................................................... 45 2.2.2.1. Capere ............................................................................................................. 46 2.2.2.2. Cupere ............................................................................................................. 46 2.2.2.3. Fierī ................................................................................................................. 47 2.2.2.4. Fugere ............................................................................................................. 47 2.2.2.5. Iacere ............................................................................................................... 48 2.2.2.6. Parere, °perīre ................................................................................................ 48 2.2.2.7. °plēre ............................................................................................................... 49 2.2.2.8. Sentīre .............................................................................................................. 50 2.2.2.9. Specere ............................................................................................................ 51 2.2.3. sk̑e/o-presents ......................................................................................................... 52 2.2.3.1. Discere ............................................................................................................ 52 2.2.3.2. Nōscere ............................................................................................................ 53 2.2.3.3. Poscere ............................................................................................................ 53 iii 2.2.4. Causative-iteratives ................................................................................................ 54 2.2.4.1. Docēre ............................................................................................................. 54 2.2.4.2. Monēre, meminisse .......................................................................................... 55 2.2.4.3. Spondēre .......................................................................................................... 56 2.2.4.4. Terrēre ............................................................................................................. 56 2.2.4.5. Tondēre ............................................................................................................ 57 2.2.5. Essives .................................................................................................................... 57 2.2.5.1. Carēre .............................................................................................................. 58 2.2.5.2. Decet ................................................................................................................ 58 2.2.5.3. Habēre ............................................................................................................. 59 2.2.5.4. Manēre ............................................................................................................ 59 2.2.5.5. Sedēre .............................................................................................................. 60 2.2.5.6. Stāre ................................................................................................................ 61 2.2.5.7. Tacēre .............................................................................................................. 61 2.2.5.8. Tenēre .............................................................................................................. 62 2.2.5.9. Tepēre .............................................................................................................. 62 2.2.5.10. Vidēre ............................................................................................................ 63 2.2.6. Reduplicated presents ............................................................................................. 63 2.2.6.1. Bibere .............................................................................................................. 64 2.2.6.2. Gignere ............................................................................................................ 64 2.2.6.3. Sīdere ............................................................................................................... 65 2.2.6.4. Sistere .............................................................................................................. 66 2.2.7. Special case: facere ................................................................................................ 66 2.2.7.1. The root *dʰeh₁- and the “k-extension” .......................................................... 66 2.2.7.2. Proto-Italic