Aquatic resources in the Philippines and the extent of poverty in the sector Item Type monograph Authors Rivera, R.; Turcotte, D.; Boyd-Hagart, A.; Pangilinan, J.; Santos, R. Publisher Support to Regional Aquatic Resources Management (STREAM) Download date 01/10/2021 17:09:47 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/20137 Aquatic resources in the Philippines and the extent of poverty in the sector May 2002 Table of contents List of tables.......................................................................................................vi List of figures ....................................................................................................vii Abbreviations...................................................................................................viii 1 Introduction..................................................................................................1 2 Status of aquatic resources in the Philippines .........................................2 2.1 Marine resources ...............................................................................................2 2.1.1 Coral reefs .............................................................................................................. 3 2.1.2 Seagrasses and seaweeds...................................................................................... 4 2.2 Inland resources.................................................................................................5 2.2.1 Mangroves and brackish water ponds...................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Swamplands............................................................................................................ 6 2.2.3 Fishponds ............................................................................................................... 6 2.2.4 Lakes and rivers...................................................................................................... 7 3 Fisheries and the Philippine economy ......................................................9 3.1 Contribution to GDP (Gross Domestic Product)................................................10 3.2 Fisheries exports..............................................................................................10 3.3 Employment in fisheries ...................................................................................11 3.4 Per capita food consumption of fish and fishery products.................................11 3.5 Performance of the Industry (National Production and Value) ..........................11 3.6 Export and import performance........................................................................12 4 Fishery sector production ........................................................................13 4.1 Municipal fisheries............................................................................................14 4.1.1 Municipal fisheries production................................................................................ 14 4.1.2 What do municipal fishers catch?........................................................................... 15 4.1.3 How many municipal fishing boats are there? ........................................................ 15 4.2 Commercial fisheries........................................................................................16 4.2.1 Commercial fisheries production............................................................................ 16 4.2.2 What do commercial fishers catch? ....................................................................... 18 4.2.3 How many commercial fishing boats are there? ..................................................... 18 4.3 Aquaculture......................................................................................................19 4.3.1 Aquaculture production by region........................................................................... 20 4.3.2 Aquaculture production by culture systems............................................................ 21 4.3.3 Major species produced by aquaculture................................................................. 23 5 People involved in the aquatic resources sector....................................23 5.1 Municipal fisheries............................................................................................24 5.2 Commercial fisheries........................................................................................26 5.2.1 Different roles in a purse seine operation............................................................... 26 5.2.2 Sharing system...................................................................................................... 27 5.3 Aquaculture......................................................................................................28 5.4 The situation of women in fisheries .................................................................30 5.4 The situation of women in fisheries .................................................................31 6 Policies relevant to aquatic resources management .............................33 6.1 Evolution of policies and laws in aquatic resources management.....................33 Extent of poverty in the aquatic resources sector ii 6.1.1 Localised and mainly communal management (pre 1500s) .................................... 33 6.1.2 Start of state control and centralised management (1500 - 1900s) ......................... 33 6.1.3 Stage of improving extraction methods for exports and entry of foreign capital....... 35 6.1.4 Decentralization and modernisation (late 1970s to present) ................................... 36 6.2 A closer look at some of the laws and policies .................................................38 6.2.1 The 1987 Philippine Constitution ........................................................................... 38 6.2.2 RA 7160 or the Local Government Code................................................................ 38 6.2.3 Republic Act 8550 ................................................................................................. 40 6.2.4 RA 8435 or the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA)..................... 42 6.3 Specific Laws Related to Fishery/Aquatic Resources Management .................43 6.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment........................................................................ 43 6.3.2 Pollution Control.................................................................................................... 43 6.3.3 Policies that Relate to Mangrove Management ...................................................... 44 6.3.4 Laws that relate to protected areas........................................................................ 45 6.3.5 Policies that relate to indigenous peoples .............................................................. 47 6.4 Licensing..........................................................................................................48 6.4.1 Licensing in municipal fisheries.............................................................................. 48 6.4.2 Licensing in commercial fisheries........................................................................... 48 6.4.3 Licensing in aquaculture ........................................................................................ 49 6.5 Law enforcement..............................................................................................49 7 Poverty situation in the sector .................................................................51 7.1 Overview of poverty situation ...........................................................................51 7.2 Ranking of Philippine provinces based on poverty levels .................................53 7.2.1 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS)............................................................... 53 7.2.2 Poverty incidence of families ................................................................................. 57 7.2.3 Income classification ............................................................................................. 59 7.2.4 Human development index (HDI) ........................................................................... 61 8 Key actors in aquatic resources management........................................63 8.1 Government Agencies......................................................................................63 8.1.1 Department of Agriculture- Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR) 63 8.1.2 Department of Environment and Natural Resources............................................... 65 8.1.3 Philippine Fisheries Development Authority (PFDA)............................................... 67 8.1.4 Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)............................................................................... 67 8.1.5 Department of Transportation and Communication-Maritime Industry Authority (DOTC-Marina) ...................................................................................................................68 8.1.6 National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC)............................................................ 68 8.1.7 Overall government roles and functions ................................................................. 69 8.2 Groups Involved in Technology Research and Development, Fisheries Schools and Academic Institutions...........................................................................................70 8.2.1 Fisheries Schools and Academic Institutions.........................................................